Black History Essay

â€Å"The events which transpired five thousand years ago; Five years ago or five minutes ago, have determined what will happen five minutes from now; five years from now or five thousand years from now. All history is a current event† (John Henrik Clarke). These were the words of the awe inspiring pan African American writer, professor, and historian John Henrik Clarke. Being that of a well self-educated intellectual, John Henrik Clarke argued for the power of black history as well as of its importance. During Clarke’s time, January 1, 1915 to July 16, 1998, he became a very respected historian for his push for the importance of Africana Studies. The African American community saw him as an influential powerhouse as he portrayed and pioneered the formation of Africana studies in the United States. Many argued that African and African American history was not worthy of being studied but Clarke had his morals set otherwise. His role as an activist drove him to challenge academic historians to alter the way African and African American history was taught and seen throughout the U. S. Though some would dismiss his views and denounce the importance of the black community, he fought back illuminating the biases Eurocentric views has upon our society in the U. S. Clarke was a role model to many afroncentric views because of his leadership in redressing racist suppressions among African and African American history that was taught by traditional scholars. John Henrik Clarke’s accomplishments were great motivations for the advancement of black empowerment with the United States nation. In the film describing the life of Ida B. Wells, â€Å"A Passion for Justice†, Wells was also a teacher in the empowerment of the African culture. Her commonalities with that of John Henrik Clarke’s were one in the same. Both scholars sought for the equality of African American’s through history in a Eurocentric based nation. Wells had power in the press, and was formally known as the â€Å"Princess of the Press†. She had the power to change the ideals and views that African’s and white people had to a more afrocentric based thought. Her journal entries and news articles inspired many African American’s to leave the south and start boycotting for their rights as citizens. Both John Henrik Clarke and Ida B. Wells had one major thing in common, the power of the pen. Both leaders in the Black Power Movement, these two writers knew they could enrich the black culture by validating to them their history, and the way they are treated in society. Wells and Clarke wanted to show their fellow African American’s that they should not be afraid of the nation they live in, and that they should be treated with respect and equality. At one point during her tenure, Wells was forcefully asked to get off a train that she was on. She fought the racism by taking a stand and declining the man’s command. The case was taken to court and although the court was in favor of the white man, Wells exhibited true courage to fight against racist demands. Wells deeds formed her into a role model and praised icon; African American’s started to see how unfairly they are treated and began listening to Wells words of encouragement for the power of the Black culture in the U. S. Likewise, Clarke’s action to form black power through teaching history was also an inspiration to fight for their rights. Another film, â€Å"The Spirit of Allensworth†, was a focus on Lietenant Colonel Allen Allensworth. Allensworth was a very influential African American man who initially was a man born into slavery. His drive to become something rather then a slave pushed him to escape and educate himself illegally. He was then able to join the army and prove that African Americans are worthy of this nation and showed the black culture that their race can furthermore aid to the success of the United States. Just like Clarke’s push for black empowerment, Allensworth wanted to uplift the African American spirits and bring equality. Through this, Allensworth was able to create and establish the town of Allensworth, of course named after himself. Clarke and Allensworth both supported the study of the black culture and had similarities in being the founders of black empowerment. In the book â€Å"Black Women in White America†, by Greta Lerner, Lerner portrays various incidents and situations that mainly black African American women had had to go through in this white based nation. One quote expressed that â€Å"In black women’s liberation we don’t want to be equal with men, just like in black liberation we’re not fighting to be equal with the white man. We’re fighting for the right to be different and not be punished for it. Equal means sameness†, (Black Women in White America, pg. 608). This quote furthermore exhibits that the injustice that black women must tolerate is not just a matter of becoming equal with men and whites, but a symbol of being who we are, and ultimately being accepted for it. It is a portrayal of proving that each and every person is different and not the same, yet in order to live and prosper, we must have different qualities and talents that help our nation thrive. Going back to John Henrik Clarke’s notion, all he wanted was to display how that from learning from our past helps to embellish our American will and culture altogether. By learning history from all different cultures pasts, this can, in the future, help our nation become more advanced. But in turn, there are always those people who do not want to accept others for being different then themselves. Many African American’s, â€Å"Used to think that there was hope, that maybe black and white people together could solve all the problems. But I the recent years I learned it is not true†¦ I think that black people now have to go back to what I call the Reconstruction days in order that black people will be able to stand in dignity and freedom. Because there is no way for the son of a slave to stand up to a son of a master and be two people together- because the psychological position of both parties is still that one is slave and one is master. And it does not change. Black people have to get freedom for themselves; it cannot be given to them† (Black Women in White America, pg.555). As one can see, Clarke’s incentives are expressed throughout this quote. Because some cannot see past one’s ‘book cover’, then others must prove their worth to become accepted. It is not fair to the black culture but if African’s do not step up to the plate and claim their rights, their power will just then be pushed further back. John Henrik Clarke fought for black empowerment, and his accomplishments are an inspiration too many African American’s to take a positive step forward in black power advancement. The book â€Å"From Slavery to Freedom†, by John Hope Franklin, acknowledges â€Å"The treatment of black troops throughout the war reflected how entrapped African Americans were in a Jim Crow society, no matter how vital or brave their service†¦ Blacks were subjected to racial insults†¦ African American soldiers vigorously protested these and other insults to their officers and, through letters to newspapers, to the American public†¦ Most exercised restraint, however, enduring insults and mistreatment in the belief that by demonstrating an indifference to racism, as well as by showing their patriotism, they would strengthen their race’s claims to equal treatment† (From Slavery to Freedom, pg. 331). This relates to Clarke’s approach towards seeking a positive change in the African American society within the United States. Blacks, no matter how good their deeds were, were still subjected to racial insults. The quality of black troops aiding in the American infantry portrays progressing black empowerment within the American culture. By stepping forth, like John Henrik Clarke, and proving their worth, these black soldiers become role models to other blacks and every other race as well to show how through toil and suffrage, they were still helpful in their nation’s success. African American’s were very prominent in the military and, â€Å"Performed all kinds of services in the union army. Organized into raiding parties, they were sent through Confederate lines to destroy fortifications and supplies. Since they knew southern country sides better than most white soldiers and could pass themselves off as slaves, they were extensively used as spies and scouts. White officers relied upon information secured by black spies† (From Slavery to Freedom, pg. 239). Without the help from black soldiers, the confederate army would have had the upper hand in the south. The former slaves knowledge from their past, helped to defeat enemy lines and furthermore help out the north’s prosperity. Because of the assistant from the former African American slaves, their freedom the south and cultural empowerment was escalated. This kind of knowledge helped to determine Clarke’s way of proving African American’s value in their past history. The text by Lawrence Graham, â€Å"Our Kind of People†, engages in the more privileged black community in the U. S. â€Å"Free blacks in the South were generally required to carry papers proving that they were not slaves and were required to register annually in their counties, listing their white guardians. However they were permitted to work for money and to own property, thus creating the first opportunity for blacks to establish their families with some moderate wealth† (Our Kind of People, pg. 8). This furthermore exemplifies the push that former slaves had strived towards in order to gain freedom and obtain financial support for themselves. Though starting at the bottom with nothing, newly freed African Americans were able to establish themselves and their families by working. Like stated before, becoming equal with the whites was not going to come easy or fair, but with work and help from each other, progressing towards African cultural empowerment was going to be inevitable. â€Å"When slaves were brought to Washington, a large concentration of them lived and worked in the Georgetown area. From there, they built roads and erected many of the government buildings and monuments. In the 1790s, Benjamin Banneker, a free black man, surveyed the city and designed the grid for the city’s main avenues and streets† (Our Kind of People, pg. 219). Washington is of much importance to our country, and without the contributions of the freed slaves, many of the nation’s government’s buildings and roads would have not been built during that time. In turn, this also exemplifies the impact even one African American had upon society. Just like everyone else or ever a white person, it was a black man that helped to design the basis of the city’s mainframe. Again, with the knowledge and help from African American history, in the eyes of John Henrik Clarke, more good to this nation is preformed. Though African Americans fought their way to freedom, â€Å"Their incomes, however substantial, and status, however high ranking, did not shield them from the ugly sting of racism, which is likely to never be completely rooted out in this country† (Jason Donovan). As much as racism is a terrible factor to have upon our society, their will always be those who will not let it go; and as black empowerment keeps progressing forward, the American culture will soon phase it out. Looking back in history, â€Å"We as a people, African-American’s, continue to strive and overcome the struggle. With our multicultural race; what you see is not always who we are†¦ You may see an African-American man, woman, boy or girl; each may have a different complexion on their exterior but their image does not define who they are† (Monique Washington). Many are so preoccupied with the color of skin and one’s appearance that they are all blinded by what good everyone is capable of doing. John Henrik Clarke’s aim for African American knowledge is not necessarily just to learn about African’s, but to teach of how many black American’s helped to contribute to America’s good fortune and personality. America is mixed with every kind of culture and without the history of blacks; our nation would not be where it would be today. â€Å"After decades of silently enduring second-class citizenship, blacks in the late 1940s and early 1950s began to challenge the injustices they faced on a daily basis. Although segregation in public facilities other than schools was rarely questioned during this time period, blacks were slowly gaining the resolve to finally stand up to Jim Crow† (Lisa Cozzens). It is a never ending sequence of fighting racism, prejudice, and inequality, but validates that in time, black empowerment will not be overlooked by America anymore. Just like how John Henrik Clarke stood up for the knowledge of African American studies, It was crucial for blacks to stand up to the unfair laws of Jim Crow. By fighting these laws, this gave a passageway to show power and courage in the black community, and that the unjustified rules of society can be overpowered by what is morally right. It is exclaimed that, â€Å"For too many years, black Americans marched and had their heads broken and got shot. They were saying to the country, â€Å"Look, you guys are supposed to be nice guys and we are only going to do what we are supposed to do—why do you beat us up, why don’t you give us what we ask, why don’t you straighten yourselves out? † After years of this, we are at almost the same point—because we demonstrated from a position of weakness. We cannot be expected any longer to march and have our heads broken in order to say to whites: come on, you’re nice guys. For you are not nice guys. We have found you out† (Stokely Carmichael: Black Power). This overall implies the injustice that early whites had put upon the black culture, and the fight back to show strength and not weakness. African’s and African American’s alike had taken so much intolerable pain in the past, and is finally standing up to unfair discrimination. It was implied for the longest time that what the white man was doing was right, but have been found out that their actions were in favor of supporting their own benefits, especially that of the southern states. The slavery exhibited through the southern states were awful and inhuman like, but, â€Å"Despite overall harsh conditions and the absence of freedom, slaves were not just powerless victims of their owners and the slave system†¦ though their lives were circumscribed in many significant ways, they sought to make the best of their circumstances. They succeeded to a remarkable extent, a testimonial to the endurance of the human spirit† (Pre-Civil War African American Slavery). Black empowerment and the spirits of their ancestors were never fully crushed. Even through the torture seen throughout the history of slavery, there was never giving up hope that one day life would get better for blacks, and initially everyone in the nation. As it comes closer to the future, black empowerment still continues to advance in culture, race, history, and throughout the American society, but only if African American keep pushing for their rights. â€Å"Blacks were told that it was up to them to improve their lives. Black Power advocates encouraged blacks to form or join all-black political parties that could provide a formidable power base and offer a foundation for real socioeconomic progress† (Black Power Movement). The Black Power movement instilled a sense of racial pride and self-esteem in blacks. Black empowerment will not advance unless people like John Henrik Clarke stand up and portray their knowledge and integrity. John Henrik Clarke’s main incentive was to merely educate the world about African history and how everything that happened in the past will always affect our nation and how we all live today. It is seen through the past all the injustice that blacks suffered through and endured and that in order for that to change, African American pride must step up to the plate and obtain its place in society. African American’s were first brought here to be used and abused, but in turn have helped the advancement of the America itself as well as its culture. It is only right that blacks have a right to power within the nation as well as within themselves. Works Cited â€Å"Black Power Movement – Blacks, Rights, Whites, Civil, White, and Racial. † Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . Cozzens, Lisa. â€Å"Early Civil Rights Struggles: Introduction. † Www. watson. org. 29 June 1998. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . Donovan, Jason. â€Å"Idlewild: A ‘Black Eden’ for African Americans. † Michigan Chronicle 13 Oct. 2010: 1-2. ProQuest. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . Franklin, John Hope, and Alfred A. Moss. â€Å"Chapter 11/Civil War. † From Slavery to Freedom: a History of African Americans. 8th ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. 239. Franklin, John Hope, and Alfred A. Moss. â€Å"Chapter 15/The Color Line. † From Slavery to Freedom: a History of African Americans. 8th ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. 331. Graham, Lawrence O. â€Å"Chapter 1/The Origins of the Black Upper Class. † Our Kind of People: inside America’s Black Upper Class. New York: HarperCollins, 1999. 8. Graham, Lawrence O. â€Å"Chapter 10/Black Elite in Washington, D. C. † Our Kind of People: inside America’s Black Upper Class. New York: HarperCollins, 1999. 219. Lerner, Gerda. â€Å"Chapter 9/Race Pride, The Only Thing You Can Aspire to Is Nationhood. † Black Women in White America; a Documentary History. New York: Pantheon, 1972. 555. Lerner, Gerda. â€Å"Chapter 10/Black Women Speak of Womanhood, I Want the Right to Be Black and Me. † Black Women in White America; a Documentary History. New York: Pantheon, 1972. 608. â€Å"Pre-Civil War African American Slavery. † National Expansion and Reform, 1815-1880. 26 Sept. 2002. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"Stokely Carmichael: Black Power (1966). † Encyclop? dia Britannica. New York Review of Books, 22 Sept. 1966. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . Washington, Monique. â€Å"Changing History Is Changing Minds. † Los Angeles Sentinel.

Reluctance to Enter the War Essay

The American population in the late 1930’s was very self focused for several reasons. Many had come through World War One and it’s aftermath. The economy was still in a depressed state. There was a sincere lack of faith in the Government being able to handle anything outside of our borders. There was a perception that there was little about the situation in Europe that impacted the people in the United States. Each of these reasons in varying degrees impacted the feelings of reluctance about entering another conflict on far off shores. World War One was fresh on many people’s minds in the late 1930’s and early 1940’s. That war impacted many individual lives and families in the United States. Most people remembered fathers or brothers that did not return home or were injured in that war. Much of what the United States government tried to do after the war in international relations failed. There was a perception that we were out of our league when it came to international relations. Our own economy was in the throws of a national depression. People were focused on personal and immediate survival needs. Several farm families had been uprooted in the mid west and were living in near homeless conditions on the west coast. Unemployment was at an all time high. Soup lines were still long. Neighbors and families were introverted in meeting immediate needs and not overly concerned with another foreign dispute. Faith in government was not very high in this period of our history. Franklin D. Roosevelt was still popular and people still had hope. Delivery of political promises was something the people had not seen much of. What they wanted the government to do was focus on American needs – not other nations wants. Although what was going on in Europe was perceived as negative for those in Europe. Many did not feel it impacted our own lives in the United States to any great degree. As a nation were not only had an isolationist policy – we had an isolationist attitude. Our perceptions of the hostile actions around the world would only be changed if they impacted our own shores. That perception remained strong until early December 1941.

A Clean Well Lighted Place- Ernest Hemmingway Summary

â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† Theme Analysis â€Å"I wouldn't want to be that old. An old man is a nasty thing. † â€Å"Not always. This old man is clean. He drinks without spilling. Even now, drunk. Look at him. † -Ernest Hemmingway The story written by Ernest Hemmingway tells of a deaf old man who is in conversation with others at a cafe in the late night hours. The others in the story’s setting share a significant difference of age and opinion. It seems they depict their ages as stages of life. The story contains a lot of noteworthy symbols, behaviors and decisions that give us hints as to what the story is supposed to represent. Characters within the story are divided into four age groups, each having different characteristics and behaviors, however all waiting for their time to in which they face the inevitable and depart from the physical realm of living and into what follows. The old man is described as a deaf and depressed man who tried to take his life away a week prior the story’s setting. It is said in the story the man is financially stable and is a frequent guest in the cafe that is well lighted and clean, unlike bars or bodegas . The story also is able to show the old man’s loneliness, sadness, and distress. Also, the waiters are sharing significant differences between them; the young waiter is in a hurry to leave work and go home to his wife, he is unsympathetic for the old man, he shows a disliking to him, and displays disgust towards the idea of getting old and the old man himself. It seems as if the young bartender has no appreciation for the old man life and holds no regard to it. Unlike the older bartender who tries to understand the old man’s condition and is curious of his suicide attempt. The older waiter himself is not in the hurry, after leaving work he goes to the bar to get a drink and then finally falls asleep upon the dawn. The last characters, however not as significant but symbolic, are a young soldier and a young girl who are just strolling through the street at night. The story reveals interesting patterns based on the age of characters. The young couple strolling through the street at night gives us as an image of how young people are free and independent. Having their whole life in front of them, they explore their surroundings, strive for new experiences and enjoy life without taking a break to stop and think where it is leading. The young bartender is a described to be in the next level in life. He is probably one or perhaps two decades older then the soldier and young girl. Hemmingway gives us indirect hints of the characteristics in which a middle stage life in an adult would exhibit. The young bartender is in a hurry to leave the cafe and go home to his wife. â€Å"I wouldn’t want to be that old† he says during the dialog with another bartender. At some point, upset about having to serve the old man who prevents him to close up the cafe and go home he even says, â€Å"He should have killed himself last week. † It shows how this character is captivated by own needs and wants. It shows his life as having purpose or meaning, time for himself, and an outlook for the future of him and his family. Perhaps, at this point of life, Hemmingway tries to tell us that people are confined within their own personal spaces, living a fast-paced life and trying to accomplish as much as possible with no little regard towards others. They do not look towards life’s philosophy and take that approach very lightly carefully avoiding the truth behind life, because they’re simply disgusted by it. Conceivably, materialistic good is a measure of happiness at that age. The conversation between him and the other bartender reveals that in his mind despair over life couldn’t be caused by anything but money. When the older bartender tells him he’s got everything – confidence, youth and work, the young bartender simply replies â€Å"Come on. Stop talking nonsense. . . .† The older bartender, no doubt, is closer emotionally to the old man. He is far from being in a hurry. The sight of the financially well old man who frequently stays until the last possible drink at the cafe, and has tried to commit suicide week before captivates him. In a way he can relate to the old man, and views him as someone who, like him, has contributed his time and life by years. He questions the younger bartender about circumstances around his suicide attempt as well as trying to defend the old man from arrogant opinions expressed by his co-worker. Why didn’t you let him stay and drink? † the old waiter asks the younger bartender when he refused to serve the old man anymore even though the time for closing was an hour away. Then he concludes â€Å"I am of those who do not want to go to bed. [I am] with all those who need a light for the night . . . We are two of different kinds. † The author leaves it to our imagination to interpret what the bartender mea nt by the â€Å"light† for the night however the distinction between two characters that is linked to their age is significant. The older waiter is slowly getting through the stage of life preceding that of the old lonely man. The â€Å"light† might be a symbol for the hope or motivation for the life to continue. Younger characters of the story did not have a need for that hope as they had everything – confidence, youth, work and most importantly – the time. The old man is the most important figure in the story. Even though he is not part of conversation and does not say more than simple words, he is a symbol of the last stage of one’s life. Hemmingway shows that stage as depressing, a lonely time in one’s life. He shows the old man as having realized the meaningless of life, the old man’s need to move on. The suicide attempt was significant as well as the fact that the old man was deaf, because it shows the man’s loneliness, his need to be with others, and is desperate attempt to end the silence, he feels he is confined to his own lonely thoughts by being deaf and wants nothing more than to end the silence with death, because death or life means nothing to him. The story is constructed in a very enlightening way; by including the different age groups and the different opinions of life and its worth to others. It is interesting to see the contrasting views of the individuals as they journey through life and all its experiences. Take the epigraph above; it shows to vivid contrast between the old and the young bartender. The young bartender shows his disgust in getting old, and his avoidance of it, while the old bartender in his quote shares his appreciation for maturity and the life’s worth. It is something to take from this story that as we all live to understand life and its meaning with different views and opinions, we share one thing in common and that is the inevitable.

Cold War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cold War - Research Paper Example Communist world except China polarised with Soviet Union whereas the most of the democratic countries tied up with United States during this period. Most of the Eastern European countries were under communist administration during cold war and Soviet Union succeeded in bringing all of them under their umbrella, forming an Eastern Bloc whereas the Western European countries were mostly democratic in nature and hence they joined hand in hand with America during the cold war era. Even though, the militaries of these superpowers never clashed directly each other, there were too many proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, conventional and nuclear arms races, appeals to neutral nations, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race etc between these superpowers during the cold war era. This paper briefly analyses different dimensions of cold war. The term â€Å"Cold War† was first used in 1947 by Bernard Baruch, senior advisor to Harry Truman, the 33rd president of the United States, in reference to the frequently occurring and exacerbating crises between the United States and the former Soviet Union, despite having fought side-by-side against Nazi Germany in the Second World War. ... Nuclear arms race and the struggle for domination in the space missions were too much during the cold war era. â€Å"In 1992, a Soviet defector revealed to Western intelligence that he had overseen an extensive, illegal programme to develop smallpox into a highly effective biological weapon† (Flight). Moreover, the secret agencies in these countries also played their role effectively to strengthen the cold war. During the cold war era â€Å"the KGB, the 'sword and the shield' of the USSR, pitted its wits against its principal adversaries - the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States (CIA) and the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)† (Knightley) Even though, Germany, Britain and France were major forces prior to Second World War, after the Second World War, only America and Soviet Union did emerge as the world’s superpowers. The friendship between America and Soviet Union during the Second World War was only to destroy their common enemy Nazi German y. â€Å"In fact, one of America’s leading generals, Patton, stated that he felt that the Allied army should unite with what was left of the Wehrmacht in 1945, utilize the military genius and fight the oncoming Soviet Red Army† (What was the Cold War?). In short, even though America and Soviet Union cooperated in the fight against Nazi Germany, they never wasted any opportunities to blame each other. It was difficult for other countries to stay alone without seeking help from any of these superpowers at that time. Some countries like India, Yugoslavia, Egypt etc were tried to form another political bloc in the name of Non Aligned Movement (NAM), in order to keep equal distance with the two major superpowers. NAM started its

The Black Codes and Jim Crow's Laws Legislation Being the Reason for Essay

The Black Codes and Jim Crow's Laws Legislation Being the Reason for the Failure of Reconstruction in the US - Essay Example Racism and the direction of war to contain slavery in the early American society of 1800s saw two opposing sects of the society dragged into historical civil war.The civil war resulted due to the differences that existed between the Southern States and the Northern States concerning the fate and future of the slaves As at the time of this difference, the Northern States underwent rapid periods of industrialization and required labors to work in the industries. The Southern States on the other hand continued to practice plantation farming with the main crop being cotton. The process of working in the cotton farm required intensive labor that provided by the slaves. This explains the difficulty exhibited by the Southerners in releasing the slaves (Winslow 27). The Northerners held firmly and campaigned for the freedom of slaves to ensure their engagement in paying employment. This difference marked the actual start of the civil war with the Southerners seceding and organizing into Conf ederate Armies whiles the Northerners organizing into Union Armies. It was after the civil war of 1861 to 1865, that the Southern States that faced dire economic hardship combined to seek for reunion and reconstruction with the North. The journey to reconstruction particularly begun in 1865 after the end of the Civil war, and characterized with attempts of the Southerners to reconcile up with the North in order to solve political, economical and social problems faced by the individuals states. Reconstruction saw the previously seceded eleven Southern States applying for readmission into the Union (Franklin 64). Now, the North was under the dominance of the Republican legislators who unanimously supported the abolition process of the slaves. This stand invited proposal of firm and strict measures for the Southern States before regaining the admission in the Union. In so doing, the Northern and dominant legislatures approved the Reconstruction Act of 1867 as a basis of compliance for the Southern States before readmission. According to Franklin, the Reconstruction Act 1867 proposed for the establishment of military camps in the South (62). In the Act, Northerners demanded that Southerners accepts, comply and practice the 14th and 15th constitutional amendments before gaining readmission into the Union. The reconstruction process faced numerous impediments and hurdles mainly from the Black Codes and the Jim Crow’s laws. Franklin unravel that the Black Codes and the Jim Crow laws were all destined to disapprove the black race as well as express their inferiority in the societies (65). Black codes in specific were laws formed in 1865 in the Southern States to define the black race. The black codes mainly targeted at encouraging and promoting the supremacy of the white, while consolidating inferiority of the blacks. The black codes were integral strategies of the Southerners to ensure continued supply of cheap labor to work in the plantation firms. Determinat ion of race based on black codes concerned the amount of Negro blood exhibited by given individuals (Franklin 65). In addition, the black code laws protracted blacks as vagrant individuals when they lacked employment and permanent residence. The black code laws allowed for the arrests, fines and or bound for labor when unable to pay fines. Black coding in the Southern America also limited the volume and amount of wealth held by an individual black citizen. The aspects of black coding as introduced by the Southerners restrained blacks from engaging in businesses and some forms of technical trades. The black coding instituted by the Southerners, restricted the slaves and blacks from bearing any form of arm. The black codes also did not allow slaves to assemble without the inclusion of a white. As observed by Franklin, black coding also assisted the Southerners in extending

How convincing is Marxs critique of capitalism Essay

How convincing is Marxs critique of capitalism - Essay Example The debate between these two intellectual groups is as interesting as it is engaging. In this paper, I tried to highlight the insights of Marx’s criticism of capitalism and also tried to reflect some counter criticisms of Marx’s arguments. My interest is however the political grounds of Marx attack on capitalism. Thus I started by exploring the foundational concepts that Marx (state and class) based all his arguments, the dynamics of class relations in this state (alienation, exploitation and imperialism) before finally connecting these concepts with the democracy argument. The concepts of class and state are at the heart of Marx’s criticism of capitalism. Marx used the two concepts to explain the fabrics of the capitalist society. Marx threw light on classification of the society he studied. He wrote: â€Å"Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature; it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: bourgeoisie and proletariat†. Marx identified two distinct classes, the bourgeoisie and proletariat, sharply differentiated by their position in the mode of production. The bourgeoisie is the capital owner (owner of property and means of production) while the proletariat is a class of those who work for capital owners and their labour is controlled by same. On the state, Milliband deduced, from Marx’s works, two views of the state. The first, he called primary view of the state, is rooted â€Å"in the famous aphorism of the Communist Manifesto: The executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affair of the whole bourgeoisie† and political power is â€Å"merely the organized power of one class for oppressing another.† The secondary view, according

What is Finance and what is the benefit of choosing Finance as major Essay

What is Finance and what is the benefit of choosing Finance as major - Essay Example ognizant of the fact that with a working or professional knowledge in finance, I could not only manage my personal finances effectively but i could also use the skills in any other field that I decided to enter later in life. Finance involves the administration of financial affairs, as well as the overall control of fiscal institutions and investments; they also handle risk management as well as sourcing for funding and funds for capital markets. They also select and evaluate investment projects which require coordination of funds, and making cost benefit analysis for the parties supplying and investing capital. An understanding of financial concepts and practices along with knowledge of the instruments and participants in the financial markets is vital to sound financial decision making (Shang and Peter 280). As finance major, I am involved in the study of financial institutions and the analysis of the management practices of commercial banks, loans, credit and saving association insurance firms, pension funds, and any other institution that plays a direct role in the financial sector. In the modern financial market place, there is a great deal of competition and this requires numerous financial strateg ies and which means that my skills can be used in a variety of settings. One of the fields in which my course qualifies me to work is investment, it involves the analysis and selection of various securities emphasizing on stocks and bonds. As a finance graduate, I will be expected to analyze the roles of these instruments and how they affect differing financial institutions’ portfolios. This takes to account the fact that financial markets are representative of the market environment sin which financial institutions and investors will create financial assets or liabilities, in one learns to examine and analyze the nature of these instruments as well as the various market innovations and structural changes. When one majors in finance, they needs must have

Happiness. Pursuit of Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Happiness. Pursuit of Happiness - Essay Example Therefore, I argue that happiness is the central core of living, which depends entirely on cultivation of virtues. Playing the mean is the way of cultivating virtues that includes moral virtues for the attainment of individual happiness. Playing the mean is the virtue between two extreme excesses and deficiency. For instance, exercising the act of justice in getting too little or getting too much. Therefore, human beings make choices depending on the circumstances that surround them by choosing on one option and neglecting the other. In most cases, the option that people choose will give them peace of mind or happiness. Human beings like other animals are adapted to a particular state of struggle for life and the mere lack or absence of effort or energy from life eliminates an important ingredient of happiness. Therefore, the hardship or difficulties of life may frustrate us. As such, we should realize and learn to appreciate the challenges that life presents. Without life difficulti es, we would be bored and probably be unhappy. However, Russell asserts that human beings should try their best to overcome these difficulties since failure to overcome them will lead to unhappiness. In my own opinion, I think that every person in society would like to have a good life. ... self not separate person from those against him† (McMahon 999) Pursuit of Happiness Russell describes happy people as those without inner division or feelings against the society. They should be attached to themselves and the world too in order to gain happiness. Desires can at times be a nuisance and can easily drive one to trouble especially in cases where there exist two impulses. For instance, the initial desire can push one to purchase beautiful things but on the other hand, the second impulse that one should not buy them but if one follows the first impulse of desire, she or he is likely to go broke. However, the desire based on one’s basic needs such as food, shelter and clothing are more reasonable and should be dealt with without a second thought (McMahon 998). Desire to some extent can be negative or positive depending on the situation or one’s background. For example, there is no harm for one from a successful background to desire a car as it will assis t in operating his or her daily activities. However, for one from a poor background it can be troublesome as this brings an uncomfortable feeling to the surrounding population such as being jealous but to the owner the car brings fulfilment and enjoyment. According to Lama, self-satisfaction alone does not determine the negativity or positivity of a desire or an activity. All the non-virtuous actions committed by people may appear to be a feeling of satisfaction at the time of action but that cannot justify the actions (McMahon 993). Therefore, the ultimate consequence of the action is the determinant of the positivity or negativity of the action. How to Obtain Happiness There are two ways of obtaining inner fulfilment and that is happiness. One way is by acquiring anything that one needs and desires for

Education Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Education Law - Essay Example Khan has experienced, the law as practiced has proved to be inadequately enacted throughout the UK school system. This paper will examine legal standards expected of schools as they relate to students with special needs and to what degree schools are implementing these standards. Throughout and again mentioned in the conclusion, this paper will outline what steps a parent can take to ensure their child is placed in an environment best suited to those individuals needs. Relevant legislation involving religious provisions and how they differ with the U.S. will be discussed as the religious cultures of these countries vary significantly as do their policies and general understandings of to what level of participation government entities should be allowed to have concerning religious studies in schools. To guide Mr. Khan to the most effective avenues to ensure the most appropriate school setting for his daughter, a determination of how she is classified under UK law is necessary before looking into the rights to which she is entitled. Amina has had a Statement of Special Education Needs (SEN) for three years. According to the DDA, a person has a disability â€Å"if they have a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.† (Disability Discrimination Act, 1995). The Local Education Authority (LEA) has determined and maintained for three years that Amina is a SEN’s child thus providing for each aspect of the act’s definition of a disability. Further, the Department for Education and Skills (DES), a government agency, states that children â€Å"have special educational needs if they cannot manage the lessons, access the curriculum or get around the school building in th e same way as other children of the same age, and special arrangements are needed to support them.† (School Coordinators, 2005). The guidelines of

Illegal Mexican Americans Essay Example for Free

Illegal Mexican Americans Essay Over the past 10 years, traversing the U.S.–Mexico border illegally has become increasingly dangerous for would-be immigrants. Illegal immigrants face kidnapping, murder, and rape at the hands of violent drug cartels and ever more ruthless human smugglers. Crossing treacherous desert areas exposes the travelers to heat exhaustion and dehydration. Hundreds of people die every year trying to cross the border into the U.S. However, illegal immigration is dangerous not only to the illegal immigrants themselves—it is costly to societies and nations as a whole. In order to fight illegal immigration and reduce the toll on human lives, the United States must take a comprehensive approach of increasing border security and improving legal immigration procedures and public diplomacy, as well as fostering reforms and greater efforts to crack down on human smuggling in Latin America. The Heritage Foundation lays out a plan for such an approach. In August 2010, 72 would-be illegal immigrants from Mexico were lined up and executed, their bodies discovered on a remote ranch a mere 90 miles from the U.S. border. The drug gang responsible for the kidnapping and murders, Los Zetas, captured its victims as they traveled through Tamaulipas, presumably on their way to cross the border illegally into the United States. When the 72 people refused to work for the gang, they were executed. Violence against illegal border-crossers has become a regular occurrence around land and sea borders over the past decade. Criminal acts committed against illegal immigrants include kidnapping, robbery, extortion, sexual violence, and death at the hands of cartels, smugglers, and even corrupt Mexican government officials. Hundreds of individuals perish trying to cross the U.S. southwest border each year—due to heat exhaustion, drowning, and falling into the hands of the wrong people. In Mexico, violence against illegal immigrants in transit has exploded since President Felipe Calderon began his battle against the country’s transnational criminal organizations in 2006. Despite some success in thwarting these organizations, the slow pace of justice and law enforcement reform, as well as rampant corruption, has allowed organized crime to continue to thrive in Mexico. Likewise, as Mexico attempts to clamp down on narcotics operations, these increasingly multifaceted crimina l organizations turn to other sources of income, such as human smuggling and sex trafficking. The dangers of illicit movement are not confined to Mexico. Thousands of illegal immigrants attempt to reach the United States annually by sea from the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. They all put themselves at risk of abandonment, exposure, capsizing, and drowning. For many illegal immigrants, their journey to the United States does not begin at America’s southern border. Mexico serves as a starting point as well as a path of transit for people all across Latin America seeking illegal entry into the United States. Last year, Mexico’s National Immigration Institute (INM) apprehended and repatriated a total of 62,141 illegal immigrants within Mexico’s border. Of the 400,235 individuals that the INM estimates enter Mexico every year illegally, approximately 150,000—or thirty seven percent—intend to cross over into the United States. These individuals travel from their home countries throughout the region to Mexico’s 750-mile shared border with Guatemala and Belize. While the terrain is mountainous and jungle-covered, there are few checkpoints along the crossing, making it to be a hospitable environment to many would-be illegal immigrants. Yet, at Mexico’s southern border begins a dangerous journey of some 2,000 miles to the United States. Over the past several years, programs to support judicial and law enforcement reform have received greater levels of support from the U.S. government. Under the shelter of the Merida Initiative, the Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI), and the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI), U.S. agencies support a wide variety of programs geared toward institutional reform. A portion of the total $1.3 billion appropriated for the Merida Initiative in Mexico since its creation is intended to provide technical assistance to law enforcement and training to improve vetting processes. Further, at least $207 million of the aid appropriated under Merida is specifically to be used to improve judicial efficiency and effectiveness, coordinate efforts to improve prosecutorial ability, and improve court and prison management. In order to combat the problem of illegal immigration and reduce the toll on human lives, the United States must take a comprehensive approach of increasing border security and improving legal immigration procedures and public diplomacy, as well as fostering reforms and greater efforts to combat human smuggling in Latin America.

An Outline Of Genetically Modified Crops

An Outline Of Genetically Modified Crops Genetically Modified crops have many different advantages to the environment and in agriculture such as them generating a better outcome on crop production, producing a finer quality crop and using less harmful chemicals in order to produce them. However, there is a lot of research about whether they are entirely beneficial in the production of them as they have many negative aspects such as on the environment and on nature. Examples of these disadvantages are the hazardous compounds they contain which have negative impact on the environment and the reduction of biodiversity in agriculture. These advantages and disadvantages together produce the outcome of whether consumers and farmers choose to produce the crops and whether they are beneficial in keeping them for future generations. 2.0 Introduction This report will look at and outline the different views on genetic modification of crops from farmers and the consumer. The effects on the environment will also be discussed such as the damage to plants and insects as well as the effects on soils. The purpose of this report is to have an overall insight of how and why Genetically Modified (GM) crops are used and whether it is beneficial to produce them. GM crops are foods that have gone through characteristic changes artificially to make an improvement in their quality such as their size, colour, and their taste and to improve a higher yield of crop. (FOE, 2003) There are many different advantages and disadvantages to this and these will be looked at in the report. 3.0 An outline of Genetically Modified Crops and their Current and Future State 3.1 What are GM crops? Genetic modification is the genetic change in characteristics through modern biotechnology. Biotechnology is the use of living things to create products. (Biotechnology Online, 2010) For many years, farmers across the world have genetically modified crop plants to improve their characteristics such as, their taste, size, colour and their resistance to diseases. This ensures farmers produce the best yields of crops. (FOE, 2003) GM crops are produced by selecting specific genes from different species of crops to make the ultimate produce. For example, rice can be genetically modified to contain higher amounts of vitamin A called golden rice. In agriculture, genetic engineering allows simple genetic traits to be transferred to crop plants from wild relatives, other distantly related plants, or virtually any other organism. (DEFRA, 2006) 3.2 Advantages of GM crops It is claimed that GM crops could solve many problems faced by farmers and bring environmental and agricultural benefits. (The Food and Drink Federation, 2000a) Having a better yield of crops helps farmers become more competitive producers and therefore gain a better position economically. This happens because if farmers produce a better quality product, consumer intake will increase boosting farmers income. GM technology mainly aims to use less harmful chemicals that affect the environment. This is only applied on some crops. Many farmers respond to this as the environments state is in urgent need, therefore helping this situation. Genetically modifying crops, which makes many of them resistant to diseases, means less crop losses, creating a higher food supply. This helps the consumers get enough produce and therefore brings money into the economy. For example, worldwide, 7% of the annual maize harvest is destroyed by the European corn borer, up to 20% in some areas. (The Food and Drink Federation, 2000b) Energy savings can also be made when producing GM crops. This is because GM crops use fewer chemicals so there is less transport needed of the chemicals and also less energy is used to produce them, decreasing energy use. As GM crops are more resistant to disease, less fertiliser is needed to be sprayed by machinery, therefore saving energy and reducing carbon footprints. GM crops, such as Golden rice help meet the needs of the increasing population. Providing a sustainable food supply is challenging but farmers who produce GM crops can tackle this situation. Some GM crops have a cold tolerance and therefore are less likely to be destroyed meaning a greater food supply. Also, malnutrition in third world countries is a common problem. However, rice can be modified to contain more vitamin A, decreasing the chances of blindness. This is a great advantage as it can give people in poverty better nutrients. 3.3 Disadvantages of GM crops GM crops contain compounds in them that can be hazardous to the consumer, therefore, questioning the safety of these crops as they could be toxic. Halford, 2003 believes No scientist will ever describe anything as completely safe. Also, GM crops could lead to an increase in allergenicity as some GM crop products contain amino acids and properties which are classed as allergens, contributing to the unsafe aspects to the consumer. (Action Bio Science, 2010) GM crops contribute to the reduction of biodiversity in agriculture. This is because plant breeders have less diversity available to breed and create different breeds of crops. This is an economical problem also as the farmers will have less to produce and sell. Critics of the technology claim that GM crops could pose many threats to the environment (The Food and Drink Federation, 2000c) GM crops use less herbicides, but other herbicides will be used in replacement which could be so toxicant that it will kill many plants, birds and living organisms. This shows that GM crops can lead to harming the environment as harmful chemicals are used to produce them. GM crop production can also affect soil. This is because the use of broad spectrum herbicides affects the breakdown of residue of crops into the soil. This can lead to unwanted build up of crop breakdown material increasing labour time which is a disadvantage for the farmer. However, in contradiction, it can improve organic matter of the soil. Another disadvantage is that the genes that are put together to produce the GM crops could transfer to pests that attract to the plant meaning pests could become resistant to the pesticides as well as the crops are. This means the pesticides become inefficient and crops will get destroyed. 3.4 The Future for GM crops The public reaction in the UK, coupled with the results from the farm scale crop trials, means that it is unlikely that GM crops will be grown in the UK in the next few years. (NERC, 2010) It is estimated to take from 20-40 years for there to be entire acceptance of GM crops by consumers. (The Food and Drink Federation, 2000d) This could reduce GM crop production as there is not a great market in the GM crop industry. Until GM crops are accepted fully, the market will not grow. Consumers fear of the negatives that follow in the production of the crops as described in paragraph 4. Scientists are going to try and improve any complications that occur, but this change could happen in many years to come. According to James (2004) the number of small farmers from developing countries that produce GM crops is estimated to increase drastically to meet food and crop demands of their flourishing affluent populations. World Consumer Views Over the last ten years consumers in the United States have raised alarm over GM crops. Many consumers believe that their food should not contain additives or chemicals as it not natural and not meant for the human diet. However, some consumers choose the cheapest option and most cheap produce contains pesticides and additives due to the extension of shelf life. Worldwide consumer response toward food products made from genetically modified (GM) ingredients has been largely negative. (Curtis et al, 2004) The production of GM crops has had a negative effect on many consumers in the European Union. This is due to the alleged health concerns that follow the consumption of GM crops. The author believes this shows that GM crops are not widely accepted and that consumers views is predominately negative. 3.6 Farmers Views Farmers are upbeat about genetically modified crops, according to new research funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). (Science Daily, 2008) Some farmers interests lie in whether the GM crops can help their produce become more profitable to them and attract a wider market. Therefore, they believe that because GM crops are produce of certain perfection and offer a better quality, the consumption will increase, rising their income. This making the use and consumption of GM crops an admirable option. 4.0 Conclusion Although crop production has increased crop production significantly to provide the requirements for the rising population, it is clear that the biotechnology, GM crops, have proved too many challenges such as their environmental negative effects and the reduction of biodiversity to have the full acceptance of consumers. Consumer knowledge is limited in the details of production of GM crops and this could contribute to the lack of development of the biotechnology in the future. However, there are many advantages to the production of GM crops and the development as it can provide a stable food supply for developing countries as well as offering a sustainable way of food production. GM crops are cost effective to farmers as better quality crops can be produced and guaranteed. For GM crops to have a future in development and for the scientific procedures to improve, consumers need to accept them. Overall, the general attitude towards genetically modified crops is negative. The farmers opposing view plays a strong part as they are the producers of the crops, but without consumers there is no business to play on. Gm crops need to be improved significantly to meet consumer requirements and to also provide a safer consumption and production to consumers and to the environment.

Capital Punishment in the US

Capital Punishment in the US Katie Sawtelle Capital Punishment: Americas Blood Stained Hands In 2015, the most executions took place in China, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United States of America (Death Penalty 2015). What a peculiarity it is to see the U.S. included in the list alongside undemocratic nations. America is the only westernized country that still continues to put the death penalty to use. Capital punishment should be abolished for it delivers inadequate legal representation and is discriminatory toward racial minorities. It is a fundamental right for a defendant in a capital case to be assigned a competent lawyer, yet, more often than not, court appointed public defenders often lack the skills and drive for effective representation. A common characteristic of those on death row is poverty. It is estimated that around 90% of inmates on death row could not afford to hire an adequate attorney (American Civil Liberties Union). Without a competent lawyer, a defendants case barely stands a chance. In the spring of 2014, Glenn Ford, an African-American man, was released from a Louisiana prison after spending thirty years on death row for a crime he did not commit (Bright). Ford could not afford an attorney in his capital case, so the court appointed him two lawyers for his representation. One of the lawyers was an oil and gas attorney who had never presented a case in front of a jury before. The second lawyer was a recent law school graduate that worked for an insurance firm. Despite the weak case presented against Ford, the all white jury sentenced him to death (Bright). It is not equal justice when the defendant receives inadequate representation just because of the amount of money he or she has. Appropriately put, those without the capital get the punishment (Von Drehle). Those accused of capital crimes rely on lawyers to protect their legal rights, investigate, and present evidence that will doubt their guilt. It is extremely difficult for a low-income defendant to navigate the legal justice system on their own. One major reason that innocent defendants have been placed on death row and executed is due to incompetent or inexperienced court-appointed lawyers; in extreme cases, some attorneys have been found asleep, intoxicated, or under the influence of drugs during trial proceedings (Bright). Some may argue that if court appointed lawyers were much better, then guilty people could be acquitted. That may be true, however, the more important issue regarding better court-appointed lawyers is that innocent people could be acquitted. Innocent people that were convicted and executed could have possibly lived out the rest of their lives if they had received better court-appointed legal defense. In some states, people sentenced to death may receive legal representation from pro-bono (free service for the public) lawyers or from public organizations. Most of the time, there is not enough pro-bono attorneys for all of the poor defendants facing death row. This could possibly result in the defendant obtaining an inept court-appointed lawyer. To receive a new trial, a defendant could file for post-conviction relief and state that their constitutional rights were violated, however, it is usually only possible for those who can afford lawyers. Some states provide lawyers for post-conviction relief, although the majority of the nation does not. Regardless of whether a defendants constitutional rights were violated at trial, they still may have to face execution. A number of people are sentenced to death not because they committed the most heinous crime, rather, the courts did not provide them with competent legal representation. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a United States Supreme Court Ju stice has said, I have yet to see a death case, among the dozens coming to the Supreme Court on eve of execution petitions, in which the defendant was well represented at trial (Bright). The amount of money a defendant has in capital cases can be the difference between life and death; In present day America, it is better to be rich and guilty, than poor and innocent (Bright). The death penalty in the antebellum South (1815-1861) was a tool of white supremacy. The possibility of slave uprisings haunted slave owners, therefore, the death penalty was regularly enforced to resist slave opposition. (Von Drehle). In Virginia, during the antebellum era, it was a capital offense for a slave to administer medicine, for it could have been poison. Also, an old statute in Georgia stated that if a slave left a bruise on his master, he could receive capital punishment (Von Drehle). The late M. Watt Espy, a researcher that studied capital punishment, recorded around 15,000 executions in the United States dating from 1608 to 1972 (Von Drehle). Espys research and recordings reveal racial disparity in U.S. executions. His research suggests that in a significantly white America, more blacks than whites are executed. Whites were rarely put to death for crimes that involved African-American victims (Von Drehle). A study of the death penalty done by the University of Texas pro posed that Americas modern-day capital punishment system is an outgrowth of the racist legacy of slavery (qtd. in American Civil Liberties Union). Racial bias is still very much alive in the modern justice system of America It is far more likely for racial minorities (African-American and Latinos) to be placed on death row and be put to death than white people particularly if the victim is white. A recent Louisiana study conducted by Glenn Pierce (research scientist at Northeastern University) and Michael Radelet (Professor of Sociology at University of Colorado-Boulder) indicated that defendants with white victims were 97% more likely to receive death sentences than defendants with black victims (qtd. in American Civil Liberties Union). In the United States, blacks and whites are murder victims in nearly exact numbers, which is exceptionally high considering that 13% of the population is African-American. Between the years 1930 and 1996, around 4,200 prisoners were put to death in America; more than half of those prisoners were black (American Civil Liberties Union). Americas death row has always had a large population of African Americans and they are often killed for what are deemed less-than-capital offenses for whites, such as rape and burglary (American Civil Liberties Union). It has been asserted that racial discrimination and the death penalty are part of Americas past, nevertheless, since the reinstatement of the death penalty in the 1970s, around half of those on death row at any given time have been minorities. Florida Latinos are beginning to shift away from the death penalty. The state of Florida has one of the lowest bars for sentencing someone to death by not requiring a unanimous jury recommendation, and they lead the nation in death row inmates being released due to wrongful convictions (Cartagena). For these reasons, Floridas death penalty has been struck down as unconstitutional twice in 2016. Four Florida counties Miami-Dade, Hillsborough, Pinellas and Duval are among 16 counties nationwide that have each had five or more death sentences between 2010 and 2015 (Cartagena). All of these counties have been found to suffer from prosecutor misconduct, bad defense lawyers, wrongful convictions and racial bias (Cartagena). From 2010-2015, every inmate in Miami-Dade County who was sentenced to death, was black or Latino. Yet, studies argue that in most locations across America, minorities are responsible for less than half of homicides (Too Broken to Fix). The nations largest death row capacity resides in Los Angeles County, California and statisticians expect continued growth. In 2013, reports revealed that Los Angeles County was responsible for more death row prisoners than any other county in the United States, and it has ranked as one of the two most prolific counties in imposing new death sentences each year since (Too Broken To Fix). Between the years 2010 and 2015, Los Angeles County imposed 31 death sentences, which adds up to be the most death sentences enforced in any U.S. county during that period (Too Broken To Fix). Those 31 death sentences in L.A. show severe racial disparity in their sentences: approximately 94% of the 31 death sentences enforced were directed toward minority (Latino and African-American) defendants and even though African Americans commit fewer than one-third of all Los Angeles County homicides, they comprised 42% of those condemned to death in this period. 45% of the new death sentences were imposed on Latino defendants (Too Broken to Fix). Only two white defendants received the death penalty. Unsurprisingly, a 2014 study conducted in Southern California concluded that white jurors are more probable to inflict capital punishment when the defendant is Latino and poor than in cases where the defendant is white. Latino jurors presented no such bias (Too Broken to Fix). The amount of racial minorities sentenced and executed on death row continues to suggest that capital punishment and racial discrimination are indeed still a part of modern day America. Since the Supreme Court reinstatement of the death penalty in the mid-1970s, juries in Texas have to determine if the defendant poses a future risk to the public, before applying the death sentence. Most states have the jurors consider past behavior and crimes of the defendant, however, in Texas, juries are asked to predict the future (Vansickle). In essence, these jurors are asked to predict the unpredictable. Those who are pro-death penalty may argue that experts can determine future violence, however, if juries and experts could determine future danger, then there would not be any crime. Currently, in the state of Texas, there are around 240 men and women on death row that have been determined to pose a threat to society. The question of future dangerousness has not reduced the amount of death sentences, rather, testimony on the issue has often instead introduced racial bias into trials (Death Penalty Information Center). The U.S. Supreme Court recently heard arguments for the Texas death penalty case of Buck v. Davis. In July of 1995, the defendant, Duane Buck, shot and killed his ex-girlfriend and her friend (Vansickle). At the trial, Bucks lawyer initiated testimony from a psychologist that said Buck was dangerous and posed a threat to the public since he was African-American. In 1997, the jury found Buck guilty and sentenced him to death. Before his execution, the Supreme Court halted his case due to the racial bias that resulted in his death sentence. Buck is still awaiting his new sentencing. Many studies, including one conducted by Cornell University, propose that the race of the victim and defendant play a critical part in whether a person receives the death penalty (qtd. in Vansickle). Criminologists conducted a study used in Bucks appeal that analyzed racial disparity in Harris County, Texas the location where Buck was sentenced to death. The study resulted that from 1992 to 1999, Harris County prosecutors were three and a half times more likely to seek the death penalty against black defendants than white ones. Jurors were more than twice as likely to sentence blacks to death (Vansickle). Another study led by Jennifer Eberhardt, Professor of Psychology at Stanford University, established that in cases with a white victim and a defendant with stereotypical black features, the more probable the defendant would be sentenced to death (Eberhardt). These studies suggest that race plays a detrimental role in whether a defendant receives the death penalty. Race should never be a predictor of dangerousness or influence whether a person receives the death penalty, yet, it is the harsh reality in the land of the free. With the death penalty, someone will always end up on the short end of the stick; usually that person is either African-American or Latino. The U.S. should not put value on someones life based on their skin color, however, it is the current reality. Stephen Bright, Professor of Clinical Law at Yale Law School, argues that the only way for racial prejudice to no longer play a role in the decision of the death penalty is to completely remove capital punishment in the U.S.: With the long history of slavery, lynchings, convict leasing, segregation, racial oppression and now mass incarceration that has a much greater impact on racial minorities, surely states should eliminate any chance that racial prejudice might play a role. But there is only one way to do that: by eliminating the death penalty. (Bright) In the United States Constitution and pledge of allegiance, it promises equal justice for all. Yet, race and poverty continue to influence who will be condemned to death in the land of equal opportunity. Finality not justice, not liberty is the ultimate goal of the legal system in the United States. Capital punishment desensitizes society.. It teaches the American youth that society solves its problems with violence. It displays the absence of appreciation for life. And, as the equal justice giant, Martin Luther King Jr. once said, capital punishment is societys final statement that it will not forgive (qtd. in Bright). The United States should join 140 other nations in making final the directive: thou shalt not kill. Works Cited Bright, Stephen. Imposition of the death penalty upon the poor, racial minorities, the intellectually disabled and the mentally ill. New York University Law School, 2014. Web. 7 January 2017. Bright, Stephen. Race, Poverty, the Death Penalty, and the Responsibility of the Legal Profession. Seattle Journal for Social Justice 1.1 (2002): 12. Web. 7 January 2017. Bright, Stephen. The Failure to Achieve Fairness: Race and Poverty Continue to Influence Who Dies. Journal of Constitutional Law 11.1 (2008):16. Web. 7 January 2017. Cartagena, Juan. Latinos join call to end Floridas death penalty. Orlando Sentinel. Orlando Sentinel, 10 December 2016. Web. 7 January 2017. Death Penalty 2015. Amnesty International. 6 April 2016. Web. 7 January 2017. Death Penalty Information Center. Death Penalty Information Center, 2016. Web. 7 January 2017. Eberhardt, Jennifer. Looking Deathworthy. Psychological Science 17.5 (2006): 383-386. Web. 7 January 2017. The Case Against the Death Penalty. American Civil Liberties Union. 2012. Web. 7 January 2017. Too Broken to Fix. Fair Punishment. September 2016. Web. 7 January 2017. Vansickle, Abbie. A Deadly Question. The Atlantic. The Atlantic, 19 November 2016. Web. 7 January 2017. Von Drehle, David. The Death of the Death Penalty. Time. Time, 8 June 2015. Web. 7 January 2017.

Technology and the Brave New World :: Brave New World

Technology and the Brave New World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the book Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley, was written long ago, its subject   has become more popular since most of the   technologies described in the book have, at least, partially, become a reality.   Huxley's community of Utopia is a futuristic society designed by genetic engineering, and controlled by neural conditioning with mind-altering drugs and   a manipulative media system.   Yet, despite the similarities, the reader also finds   many contrasts between the two societies.   Perhaps the most salient contrast between Huxley’s Utopia and our modern society, deals with the issue of procreation. The majority of babies born in our society today, are still the result of intercourse between a man and a woman.   In many cases the birth of a child is a memorable and joyous event for the woman. In Utopia, however, if a woman is caught bearing offspring, she will be punished by exile. Offspring not produced the society’s way is a threat to the society’s existence, in the eyes of the leaders.   As today, pregnancy, in Utopia, could be prevented using a variety of methods.   Where our society uses male and female birth control methods, Utopia has pregnancy substitute (a procedure   in which Utopian woman are given all the psychological benefits of childbirth   without undergoing   it) and malthusian drill (similar to today’s birth control pills).   However, modern society and Huxley’s Utopia both explore the advantages of artificial reproduction, although Utopia has taken it to the extreme: The   Bokanovsky Process, is a method whereby a human egg’s normal development   is arrested, then buds, producing many identical eggs.   â€Å"My good   boy!†...†Bokanovsky’s Process is one of the major instruments of social stability!†Ã‚   (Huxley, 7).  Ã‚   Not only did this method create millions of â€Å"robot like† citizens for Utopia,   but the leaders have supreme control over any threat of overpopulation. Utopian predestinators   decide the future function of each embryo, essentially   assigning   class status.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this way, the leaders of Utopia are also able to   keep the social classes balanced in the way they felt benefited everyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the reader sees some dissipation of social classes in modern society, in Utopia, the class distinctions were palpable. A five-tiered caste system is maintained which ranks Alphas and Betas on top followed by   Gammas, Deltas, and the semi-moronic, ubiquitous Epsilons. The motto   "Community, Identity, Stability" frames the Utopian social structure.

American Censorship of Japanese Animation Essay -- Television Media TV

American Censorship of Japanese Animation Abrstract: This essay will explore why Americans feel the need to censor Japanese Animation, how the Japanese culture differs from American culture, and how to solve the growing debate of the censorship of Japanese media.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Japan, that strange and exotic land in the east, has a complex and interesting history that has shaped and molded its culture into a very unique society today.   Of course their customs have influenced their entertainment, especially television and movies.   In a day and age where information is free to all through the internet and reliable postal systems these television shows, movies, toys, and comics have made their way all over the world.   The reception of Japanese media has had mixed reactions, both good and bad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   America, being an amalgamation of societies and cultures, has naturally had a mixed reaction to Japanese media.   The younger generation, namely those in their twenties or younger, have embraced the bright and flashy style of Japanese animation.   The most popular shows are the ones with the most action, but shows that concentrate on character development and storyline are also popular, especially among the female population.   The older generation does not have such open minds unfortunately.   They do not seem to understand the appeal of the big eyed characters yelling nonsense at each other or the fact that all animation is not just silly kid’s stuff.   Not only that, but Japanese animation has been tagged as overly violent and obscene.   It has been accused of causing violence and disturbing young children by fundamentalist organizations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American television networks and video distributors also feel the need to c... ...they were truly meant to be, and parents do not have to worry about inappropriate content for their children.   With a little bit of effort the rising sun can be purified and enjoyed by all.   Works Cited Barker, Olivia.   â€Å"The Asianization of America.†Ã‚   USA Today.   March 2001: 1A-2A.     Ã‚   Infotrac.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bryant, Anthony J. and Arsenault, Mark.   Sengoku.   Gold Rush Games 1997-1999. Clements, Jonathon and McCarthy, Helen.   The Anime Encyclopedia.   Stone Bridge    Press 2001. Lazar, Jim.   â€Å"Anime Expo Report 2000.† www.animeprime.com Retrieved December 13, 2004. Lazar, Jim.   â€Å"Sailor Moon Editing Report.† www.animeprime.com Retrieved December    18, 2004. MacKinnon, Mark C. The Sailor Moon Role-Playing Game and Resource Book.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Guardians of   Order 1998. Mallory, Michael.   â€Å"Kid’s Anime Hits Critical Mass.† Los Angeles Times.   Oct. 2004: 18.  Ã‚   Infotrac.

Math Every Day

It occurs to me that learning mathematics, especially calculus and other forms of higher mathematics, is much like learning a foreign language. Math starts out like a foreign language, having its own symbols, definitions, applications, and structures. It is difficult to use at first and requires repetition, like a new language. One needs to memorize symbols, their functions and many rules, and then one needs to practice by working many problems. Learners cannot be comfortable with new languages (mathematics) until they can use it repeatedly, consistently, and successfully. Calculus, or a new language, is already existent and the learner needs to adapt to it and work in it; the new material will not adapt to the learner. One learns a language by listening to others and by reading, using a dictionary, learning the language rules, and what breaks any or all of those rules. Calculus is similar. After much practice, students can communicate with others in their new language and expand their abilities with more practice and use, just as in mathematics. Those with a good foundation via formal instruction are clearly better at than those that pick it up here and there, intermittently.   The first can be understood and the second become lost. Less well-trained learners are limited in the range and layering of meaning their communication can involve and do not have the tools for even higher levels of language (mathematics) learning. A strong foundation prepares the new language speaker or the new calculus student for the next step in their subject’s discipline and for later innovation, research, and invention in that discipline. Mathematics and language are the same — They have formulas and patterns; they are communication and they are beautiful (e.g. fractal patterns and poetry). Perhaps this is the reason that the films â€Å"Close encounters of the third kind† used music (very mathematical) and â€Å"Contact† used mathematics as the forms of communication that proved successful between aliens and earth people.

My Motivational Touchstone Essay

I once spoke to a very well educated man whom I had never met before, have only spoken to him on the phone and found that he gave me some compelling thoughts that would change my life forever, He gave me courage and conviction that hopefully will make me whole again as a person. I am coming to the conclusion that I am writing a letter to myself and will be my personal motivational journal and success within myself. I could write for hours, days and weeks and tell a never ending story; however I must begin somewhere and end somewhere. My life of failure and true disappointments has been what I would call an educational disaster. I believe in the foundations of education, the roots of learning which stems from the roots of your soul and the passion in which you strive for. I pray for success and courage that I will make it. I want to do my best and like Florence Chadwick when she swam in the mighty ocean, she never saw the bottom, she only saw the shore line and sometimes that was even difficult, but with motivation, determination and most of all strength, she braved the darkest hours as well as the shining moments. Her arms and legs may have given out, but it certainly was her heart that did not quit. I will be brave in my mind, for I do not want my mental diseases to take over my heart and make me a quitter again. I have PTSD, and I have come up with an anagram for the 4 letters, Positive Thinking Shall Develop. This will be one of my motivation words that I will put by my mirror to make me smile and strive for that tassel of hope. I feel these two quotes represent my personality, the standards in which I live by and most of all, that I feel is motivation for me because it inspired me for two reasons, number one is education. I will find solace in knowing I have found my calling in health psychology with a concentration in PTSD and emotional, mental as well a physical abuse. (This happened to me). We cannot live better than in seeking to become better. † ? Socrates The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. Aristotle The above quotes will forever be my shore line and the sand will never be rocky, only perfect with beautiful sea shells.

Four Traditions of Geography Essay

Four Tradition of Geography The Four Traditions of Geography has many different assumptions and aspects of geography; aspects ranging from basic mapping and geometry, to the impact on nature of humans and the processes of the earth itself. Geographers can study and explain their research by selecting a certain tradition that leads to many different fields of geography. â€Å"There are four traditions whose identification provides an alternative to the competing monistic definitions that have been a geographer’s lot† (Pattison 1964). The following discussion treats the traditions in this order: (1) a spatial tradition, (2) an area studies tradition, (3) a man-land tradition and (4) an earth science tradition† (Pattison 1964). Pattison is exploring all the categories of geography and he is explaining how these different traditions can uncover the meanings of different studies of geography. â€Å"Going further one can uncover the meanings of â€Å"systematic geogra phy,† â€Å"regional geography,† â€Å"urban geography,† â€Å"industrial geography,† etc. † (Pattison 1964). Spatial tradition is an area of concentration that relies on geometry and movement. It also is the study of mapping as seen in the ancient Greece recordings of such, and it also deals with the GIS system. GIS is any system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data that are linked to a location. It explores the central place theory and how it is used in geography. Central place theory is the geography theory that seeks to explain the number, size and location of human settlements in an urban system. Area Studies, just like the spatial tradition it has roots from many, many years ago. The Greek philosopher, Strabo, wrote an encyclopedia about geographical knowledge. â€Å"He is Strabo, celebrated for his Geography which is a massive production addressed to the statesmen of Augustan Rome and intended to sum up and regularize knowledge not of the location of places and associated cartographic facts, as in the somewhat later case of Ptolemy, but of the nature of places, their character and their differentiation† (Pattison 1964). The area-studies tradition was tended to be excluded from early American professional geography. Today, it is beset by certain champions of the spatial tradition who would have one believe that somehow the area studies way of organizing knowledge is only a subdepartment of spatialism† (Pattison 1964). It concentrates on the descriptions of regions in order to differentiate them from other regions and areas. Being able to understand geography in these terms can reveal the deepest knowledge of the world’s environment. The Man-Land tradition describes the human impact in nature and also the impact of nature on humans, and it also defines the nature disasters our world takes on. Social Darwinism simply grabbed a theory from the biosciences and applied it to social happenings without the lengthy process of trial and error for social data which led to environmentalism. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and social movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the environment. Man-Land gives us the basic perception on the environment and what is happening to it. The earth science tradition, embraces the study of the earth, the waters of the earth, and the atmosphere surrounding the earth and the association between the earth and the sun† (Pattison 1964). On two different hands of the topic, it is being used and then it is not being used. â€Å"On one hand, it is not always elected as the best tradition as it has been decreasing in use from past decades, while on the other one knows that college departments rely substantially, for justification of their role in general education, upon curricular content springing directly from this tradition† (Pattison 1964). It also acknowledges the human impact on the planet but mainly focuses on the planet itself and its physical processes. Geology, mineralogy, paleontology, glaciology, and meteorology all have rooted out of these studies. From reading â€Å"Four Traditions of Geography† and â€Å"In Search of Synthesis,† Area Studies tradition is my personal preference on this matter. Gober talks about the many different specialties that lie in between human and physical geography, and I grasped that I am more of a physical, on-hands doing person. With human geography you study societies as a whole and I am more interested in urbanization of the earth and how we can use the land we have in a fashion that is basically perfect. I am interested in the different regions because I am really fascinated in real estate and I figure I would learn a whole lot about the physical aspect of geography. I feel that I could really excel in real estate with this kind of learning. The Four Traditions of Geography has different definitions and aspects of geography. With the information given, people are given the opportunity to understand what geography is all about and be able to break geography down and select a certain practice from the very selective topic. â€Å"It is hoped that through a widened willingness to conceive of and discuss the field in terms of these traditions, geography will be better able to secure the inner unity and outer intelligibility† (Pattison 1964). William D. Pattison, The Four Traditions of Geography, (1964).

Reporting Practices and Ethics Essay

Financial practices and ethics can play an important part of any organization including the health care environment. In order for the health care organization to be successful one must adopt an efficient financial practice and possess ethical standards. The management of finances for a health care organization may be a challenge for managers. This is why the health care manager will follow four basic elements for financial management. The basic elements include planning, controlling, organizing and directing, and decision making (Baker & Baker, 2011). Health Care Organizations have accounting principles generally acceptable and will comply with the financial practice and the practice of ethics to avoid fraud or abuse of the reporting practices. Elements of Financial Management Financial management has four basic elements, which assist the manager in making effective decisions for the health care organization. The first element of financial management is planning. The financial manager needs to identify the steps that he or she needs to take to accomplish the goals of the organization. However, first the manager must determine what the goal is for the organization and at that time determine what steps to follow to achieve the goal. The next element is controlling; a plan is in place that each area of the organization must follow. The financial manager must ensure that the areas are following such plans. The staff can view the current reports and make a comparison with reports from the past. In comparing previous and current reports the financial manager can see if an area in the organization needs more attention because the area may not be meeting its goals. The third element is organizing and directing. In organizing the financial manager must decide on what resources are best to use to be more effective. The manager must also determine how to use those resources effectively to reach the goal of the organization. In directing, the manager must provide supervision daily to run the organizing element efficiently. The final element is decision making. The manager must make decisions with the alternatives available such as information in the reports. Decision making should be side-by-side with planning, controlling, and organizing. When making a decision the manager must analyze and evaluate the information to make effective decisions (Baker & Baker, 2011). Acceptable Accounting Principles Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) provides guidelines to the company’s financial manager. The guidelines will cover the principles of accounting and practices. The generally accepted accounting principles guideline, guides the financial manager in the reporting and recording the financial information. For example, the financial manager will use the guidelines when preparing the financial statements such as the balance sheet. One health care organizations practice for releasing financial information will perform a practice of reconciliation in accounting. One organization reviews the balance sheets and makes them compatible as one. The next step is to determine the classification of each balance sheet such as high risk or low risk. The final step is the organization must decide a reporting schedule such as monthly or yearly. In knowing and understanding the documents and how to analyze the information this prevents an auditor from finding misstatements (Cox, Draa, 2008). Standard Financial Ethics Making an ethical decision is a requirement of health care managers. One must ensure the meeting of needs of individuals within the organization. Principles of ethics include fairness, justice, and professionalism. The organization possesses a code of ethics when interpreting the organizations transactions such as losses or assets. The Health Care Portability and Accountability Act help reduce abuse and fraud concerning finances whether it is deliberate or unintentional. Fraud and abuse is increasing because of the increase in the delivery of health care. Organizations take better actions in working toward the reduction of fraud and abuse. One way to do this is to develop a compliance program, which a financial manager will play a key role. Compliance programs allow a proper practice on reporting the financials, and comply with the ethical conduct standard by avoiding fraud and abuse (Hern, n.d. ). Conclusion For an organization to be successful it needs to ensure the following of the financial reporting practices and maintain a standard of conduct ethically. The organization should follow the basic elements of financial management. When an organization follows the steps in the correct order there is less of a chance the organization will receive an audit. As long as the organization follows the generally accepted accounting principles there is less chance of an audit, and less of a chance of fraud or abuse when reporting the finances. References. Baker, J. & Baker, R. (2011). Health care finance: Basic tools for nonfinancial managers (3rd ed. ). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers Cox, B. , & Draa, M. (2008). Back to basics with account reconciliations. Business Finance, 14(6), 38-38. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/211076250? accountid=35812 Hern, W. (n. d. ). Corporate compliance is a necessity, not an option – healthcare financial managers’ role in helping their organizations prevent financial fraud. Retrieved from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m3257/is_n1_v51/ai_19146070.

AIDS identified 1981 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AIDS identified 1981 - Essay Example , the United Nations, and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as well as those in the national and local levels have remained troubled of the effects of this condition as millions continue to contract the virus and die every year. In fact, the United Nations recorded 2.7 million new cases of HIV infections worldwide in the year 2008 and noted almost three-quarters of this number have died an AIDS-related death in the same year (â€Å"The Global AIDS† 1). As it worries the authorities and the total population of the current times, this paper intends to tackle how the condition was discovered and how it has affected the history since then. AIDS first came to view in the early 1980s when a number of homosexual men presented a kind of ill health condition which had not been identified in the history of the medical field Practitioners in Los Angeles, New York, and California have linked and treated the unknown condition with mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus, and other related conditions with their designated treatments as supported by the signs and symptoms seen in the patients (Grmek 3-5). The homosexual men who went to Joel Weisman showed â€Å"hectic fever, weight loss and swollen lymph nodes† (Grmek 3). A New Yorker also presented the same condition when he illustrated â€Å"lassitude, weight loss, spiking fevers, and slow consumption of the body† (Grmek 5). However, despite the attempts to counter the symptoms observed, no improvements became visible. Grmek even pointed out that two of Weisman’s patients â€Å"treated since fall of 1980, went from bad to worse† (4). After a number of labora tory works, the cause of the involvement of some opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were attributed to the â€Å"reduction in the population of lymphocytes, due to the almost complete disappearance of the helper T subgroup,† components of the immune system that helps fight infection (Grmek 4). This decrease in efficiency for immune

Struggle of the Spanish Armada Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Struggle of the Spanish Armada - Assignment Example We have no choice but to turn to back Spain; we have no fresh water, we’re out of food, and our ammunition is limited. Some of my comrades have resorted to eating rope! The English fleet has routed us and we are forced to fight our way around Scotland. From there we will return to Spain, hopefully alive. I have been counting the days and nights but I have lost track of time. The English have stopped their attacks for some reason but now we have a new foe. The treacherous waters rock our armada to its will and the harsh rains beat into ships like stones. The moral of my comrades is beckoned into the depths of the ocean by this raging storm. I pray to our Lord that we will make our way safely back into our homeland. The storm has ceased its attack upon our Armada. I could have sworn that we had about twice as many ships at the launch of the invasion. Our captain and our crew are growing weary from fatigue and empty bellies. Many of the ships of the Armada, including our own, are splitting up and sailing into Ireland. I’m sure our Catholic brethren will be most hospitable. There we can fill our bellies and rest before returning to Spain. As we pulled up into the harbor, we were not met with friendly eyes. Our ships were being sunk and men were washing up ashore, dead and alive. I watched in horror as our own ship was struck by the enemy.  

Eportfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Eportfolio - Essay Example Amongst the many reasons that led to the decision was the need to run the plant more efficiently. While the management role rested wholly on the ministry of defense, the plant hardly ran at the optimal level as evidenced by the case study excerpt and this necessitated change. Efficient and strategic leadership was all that was required in order to restore and actualize the optimal performance of the naval pant. Efficiency in managing human resource, time, information and finances was a critical requirement, which led to the decision to put on board private management team by the ministry of defense. This paper therefore intends to critically analyze the performance of the plant before 2002, when the ministry of defense and the royal navy managed the plant, the strategic theories and models that were used and contrast the findings with the management structure that was introduced after 2002. A comparison of the internal features of the organizations will also be done. Analysis on thes e findings will employ the Hope Hailey’s and Balogun Change Kaleidoscope. Moreover, the paper will equally conduct Lewin’s Force field Analysis to the case study of the Fasline. An interview with Howie, who was the Fasline managing director for the period running from 2002-2006, reveals that the naval base offices are well constructed to accommodate the ships as well as the sailors. He says that it was the need to reduce operational costs and improve on the effectiveness that led to the decision to have partnerships with industrial firms in the running of the naval base and the ministry of defense of UK. The initial contract to be signed in the year 2002 dictated that the incoming team was obligated to bring about an approximate savings of about $ 114 million of the operational costs within five years while at the same time delivering the services of the naval. Strategic change context in 2002, at the start of the change process at Faslane Change is a common phenomenon in management of today’s firms. Organizations have been seen to employ permanent change policies as regards future performance in every change adopted. Changing an organizations structure and administration enhances quality and service delivery. During the freezing stage, members that are directly involved are prepared about the change and the need to have it. It is therefore a preparation stage (Rezvani, Dehkordi and Shamsollahi, 2012, 113-114). Since the change entails a wide range of rearrangement of the organization structure, proper preparation is essential. In analyzing the Faslane 2002 change, we look at the critical reasons that necessitated the change among which the general management formed basic. A sound system that would ensure profitability by way of saving costs was necessary. Moreover, the naval base required proper management of the over 7500 people around the naval base. However, resistance to change as is a common feature in all organizational change proce dures was evident. The customers were first hesitant in embracing the adoption of private firms to manage the base, as the structure that they were familiar with was the royal navy and the ministry of defense structure of management. Howie says that the civilians had adopted the supervisory role against the navy personnel who were busy looking after the ships and the submarines.