Acer Case Transnational Management Essay

1. When Multitech was starting up, Stan Shih preached frugality in the form of not spending more money then necessary and not being wasteful with the resources the money spent provided. Shih went as far as creating a campaign that focused on turning lights off, using both sides of paper, and traveling economy class. This is vastly different then the philosophy of other startup companies that spend more money then they have available and quickly go bankrupt. Secondly, Multitech made employment very attractive through delegated responsibility. Most companies have a top-down management approach where all decisions are made at the top and employees need to do what they’re told and keep their ideas to themselves. With Multitech, there was a sense of freedom, which led to the recruitment of bright young engineers. That type of creative freedom, as long as it’s for the betterment of the company, breeds increased productivity. Third, to compensate for offering no more then a modest salary, Multitech offered key employees equity in the form of ownership in subsidiary companies. Can you imagine just coming out of college and being offered ownership in a company? I would take a little less per hour for that opportunity. Imagine if any of us had such an opportunity with Apple or Facebook. Wow! Lastly, joint ventures allowed Multitech to expand its sales into new territories without the risk of hiring more people or raising more capital. In other words, Multitech increased their market share without taking on additional expenses or putting in more money. To sum up, keeping spending under control, hiring the best minds and keeping them happy, and expanding for â€Å"free† leads to an impressive startup. 2. Leonard Liu added value to Acer by making employees responsible for their actions. Liu did this by introducing productivity and performance evaluations. Before Leonard Liu came on board, employees did not have a profit and loss responsibility and as we know, the difference between a successful company and an unsuccessful company is profit. Now, if an employee wanted freedom to make his own decisions, that employee had to make sure his freedom produced a profit. Before Liu, there was a lack of structure within the company. Liu brought a professional management structure to Acer by establishing standards for intra-company communications to make sure everyone was on the same page. Most importantly, Liu created structure within the company by creating RBU’s and SBU’s. With this change, organizations, subsidiaries, and marketing companies under the Acer umbrella all had specific responsibilities instead of doing a little bit of everything. Unfortunately, some of the changes Liu implemented seemed to do more damage then good, which eventually led to employees questioning his judgment and implementing his directives half-heartedly. The supportive family approach was gone having been replaced with an iron-fisted form of management. Employees were not responding. The change was too drastic. Something in between Shih’s approach and Liu’s approach would have probably been more productive. Also, frugality was replaced with lavish spending on accounting and law firms and full acquisitions of companies instead of joint ventures, which put all the financial responsibility on Acer. If the goal was profit, Liu was losing just as much, if not more money. 3. In regards to development of the Aspire, I believe a local-for-local model was used. The Aspire was the first product designed and developed by an RBU, in response to a locally sensed market opportunity. Acer America and other RBU’s felt that Acer’s Taiwan-based SBU’s were too distant to develop product configurations that would appeal to diverse consumer and competitive situations around the globe. The second aspect of the local-for-local model requires that subsidiaries use their own resources to develop products. With that criteria, Mike Culver, AAC’s Director of Product Management, commissioned a series of local focus groups to explore opportunities in home computing. After the focus groups showed a potential for a consumer PC, Culver hired Frog Design to create a prototype for the Aspire. By using focus groups and hiring Frog Design, a company independent from Acer, Culver was using resources available to him outside of the Taiwan home base. From start to finish, the development of the Aspire happened in the US as a product initially for the US market. 4. Shih should allow the development of the Aspire to continue as long as implementation is transferred back to the SBU’s in Taiwan. If all of the company’s engineering and production expertise is located in Taiwan, those with the most expertise should handle the launch of such an expensive product into a highly saturated and competitive market. Shih would also need to make sure that the design of the Aspire stays as-is to achieve economies of scale on production. As far as marketing, I see no problem with different markets customizing the marketing plan for the Aspire. Companies all over the world implement different marketing strategies for a product depending on the market. For example, Diet Pepsi is marketed as Pepsi Light in some countries outside of the US. What may be an important feature of the Aspire in the US market might not be as important in a different market.

Apples Ethics and Social Responsibility Essay

Apples ethics and social responsibility In researching the Apple Company’s Social (Supplier) and ethical responsibilities I found that their initiatives are geared toward Empowering Workers, Labor & Human Rights, Health & Safety, Environment and Accountability. I think their approach is interesting but I feel that a large company like Apple can do way more for the local communities and country as a whole. Apples stance on empowering their workers is a wonderful thing. I think more companies need to recognize that a happy workforce makes for an overall greater employee and customer experience. Apple Inc. employs staff all over the world and is committed to treating employees with respect and dignity. The company provides educational resources for all of their employees giving them the opportunity to earn an undergraduate degree. Apple has very high standards and expectations in the industry. They provide their employees with the appropriate tools necessary to meet the high bar set forth; communicate and maintain a safe and respectable workplace. Training on the Apples Code of Conduct is mandatory for all new and existing employees. When it comes to Labor & Human Rights Apple is committed to ending excessive work hours, providing a foundation for ethical employment, preventing underage labor, stopping excessive recruitment fees and bonded labor and responsible sourcing of minerals. Apple only does business with companies that uphold the highest commitment to Human Rights. Apple has very high standards in Health & Safety, Environment and Accountability. They believe that every worker has the right to a safe and healthy workplace. Improving health and safety is essential and all workers receive the appropriate education on the topic. All apple suppliers must work alongside of apple to reduce their environmental impact and use a number of methods to identify risks. Apple believes in accountability for themselves and suppliers and has strengthened their code of conduct to meet the responsibility standards. In my opinion Apple has not quite met their  Social Responsibility standards, and can do more. In 2012 the NY Post reported that Apple was trying to get rid of the reputation as stingiest company. They made over $150 million in charitable donations split between multiple organizations that year. They donated 500,000 to â€Å"SF Gives† in May of 2014. But giving back has never been an immediate priority of Apple as Steve Jobs stated. Not to mention all of the negative publicity Apple has received in reference to the working c onditions of their overseas warehouses. Apple’s Reputation Have you ever heard the saying you are â€Å"guilty by association†? Unfortunately that is the way the world works. Foxconn is the main producer of Apple’s products along with a number of other well-known companies. Based out of China the Foxconn-Apple warehouse that employs over 500,000 workers has been in the media in recent years regarding violation of the Labor & Human rights laws. In July 2009, an employee at the Foxconn warehouse that makes iPad committed suicide after his home was raided; he was badly beaten and humiliated over a missing iPhone. In a report released in early 2011 by the Guardian there were a large number of suicides from Foxconn-Apple facilities in China. It is said that the tragic suicides were a result of the employees being overworked and deplorable working conditions. The guardian also reported in late 2012 91 children working at one of Apple’s Foxconn suppliers which is almost ten times more than what was reported in the previous years. This does not meet the very high standards set forth by the company in the eyes of the general public. In 2009, 137 employees were poisoned by n-hexane use at one of the Apple- Wintek LCD plants in East China. N-Hexane is a narcotic that attacks the nervous system when exposed to it. This poison was used for drying touchscreens in order to speed up production to fill larger orders received by the factory. Most of the workers impacted were forced to resign and absolve Wintek of all future responsibility. It is rumored that Apple and Wintek were very slow to react to the incidents. Apples reputation has definitely taken a hit from the negative publicity surrounding their overseas suppliers. In an effort to clean all of this up Apple has vowed to eliminate child labor and excessive work hours throughout the complete supply chain. They want to ensure that the supplier code of conduct is being enforced and practiced at all times.  Foxconn has taken steps to prevent future suicide attempts by installing preventative suicide nets around their buildings, providing counselling and requiring employees to sign a no-suicide agreement prior to employment. Apple has also prohibited the use of n-hexane and states that the product is no longer in use at any facility associated with the company. Suppliers Adherence to Wage and Benefit Standards The various labor practice violations among Apple’s suppliers still remain very high. In 2012 China Watch reported- after investigating the working conditions of 10 of Apple-Foxconn facilities. They determined that it was not only the Foxconn facilities with deplorable work conditions, but it exists within Apple’s supply chain. According to epi.org Apple itself finds that in more than 28% of cases, suppliers are not compliant with the wage and benefit standards set. In early 2012 the Fair Labor Association (FLA) conducted a month long investigation and uncovered significant issues at three Foxconn facilities in China. Among the issues found were -excessive overtime, issues being compensated for overtime, severe communication gaps which led to unsafe working conditions amongst the workers and an overall unhealthy deplorable environment. Although Apple is â€Å"committed† to ensuring fair Labor and Human rights, they should take additional steps to enforce their Supplier Responsibility Standards. I’d first recommend for the company to have a significant increase in the number of independent audits performed annually on overseas warehouses. This will help ensure that employees are not working excessive overtime or receiving lower than minimum wages. Communication is an absolute necessity in large warehouses, and every incident should be documented. The audits can also be vital in making sure that the workers are in a reasonably safe and healthy environment. Apple Inc. needs substantial improvement in the realm of transparency and secrecy in order to eliminate labor rights abuses by its suppliers. The majority of the company’s â€Å"secretive practices† involve the complete supply chain. Some of their factories are said to be gated off and have police /security to prevent trespassing, workers must sign confidentiality agreements and live in dorms within the factories. Apple reports the percentage of their suppliers that violate the code of conduct, but will not release the names of the actual facilities that were not compliant. The company needs to be  more forthcoming and discontinue the secretive practices that prevent the general public from observing working conditions and business practices within its suppliers. Customer Loyalty Apple has a very loyal customer base despite the despicable acts the company has been associated with throughout the years. In my opinion, most of their customers are working class and know how vital it is to be reasonably compensated for their work. Apple’s customers may have some concerns if the prices increase, but they will buy the products. You may have a customer like me that feels like the current price point of Apple’s products is already high. There are four Apple products in my home 1- IPad 1-Ipad mini 1-MacBook and an IPhone 5s totaling close to $4,000 retail. That is how much Apple made from 1 household in a matter of a year. If all of their customers are paying those types of prices, that is more than enough for Apple to ensure that all workers have reasonable wage and benefit packages. This is a company that has customers waiting in line for days to buy new innovative products regardless of the price. Apple is known for making a higher profit by paying overseas companies next to nothing for production. As I previously stated Apple customers are very loyal. I believe the customers would pay more for products if the prices increased. Simply because once you start using apple products it’s like you have to have the next best thing. They definitely live up to the reputation of providing new technology and innovative top of the line products. The company may receive negative feedback from current and new customers, but they will still buy the products out of necessity. Apple’s Marketing Approach In my opinion Apple’s overall marketing strategy is one of the best in the industry. Anytime a new IPhone is released customers wait in line for days leading up to just to get the latest and greatest. Online orders go through the roof and the waiting lists get quite long. So clearly Apple is doing something right to market their products to customers. According to Forbes magazine Apple is such a great marketer that they won the 2012 CMO Survey Award for Marketing Excellence and has been the co-winner for five consecutive years. In the late 1970’s Apple adopted a 3 point marketing philosophy that remains at the core of their brand today. The original  three points are Empathy, Focus and Impute and are taken into consideration when implementing current market strategies. Apple is known to have top of the line products and technicians to match. Their employees are very knowledgeable and eager to assist in giving their customers the best experience possible. That will take any company a very long way as customer satisfaction and experience is vital to the success of any business. On paper Apple looks great, but in order to improve its competitive advantage in the global marketplace a few recommendations should be made. The Apple logo is one of the most recognized, respected and trusted names in the world today. Apple has already established competitive advantage in the global marketplace around constructing a top of the line, small and innovative product line. I feel like they should continue to put time and resources into capitalizing on the advantage and enhancing the reputation of the Apple brand. Things appear to be going great for Apple, but achieving an ongoing competitive advantage requires constant monitoring of the organizations competitive landscape. Openness to rethinking the company’s current advantages is vital in remaining competitive. Works Cited Apple Inc. (2013). Supplier Responsibility Standards. http://www.apple.com/supplier-responsibility/pdf/Apple_Supplier_Responsibility_Standards.pdf. China Labor Watch. (2012). Beyond Foxconn:Deplorable Working Conditions Characterize Apple’s Entire Supply. http://www.chinalaborwatch.org/news/new-415.html. Christine Moorman, Forbes. (2012). Why is Apple a Great Marketer. http://www.forbes.com/sites/christinemoorman/2012/07/10/why-apple-is-a-great-marketer/. Connie Guglielmo, Forbes. (2012). Apple’s Supplier Labor Practices In China Scrutinized After Foxconn, Pegatron Reviews. http://www.forbes.com/sites/connieguglielmo/2013/12/12/apples-labor-practices-in-china-scrutinized-after-foxconn-pegatron-reviewed/. Dunstan Pria, Fox. (2012). Apple’s Chinese Manufacturer To Fix Labor Violations. http://www.foxbusiness.com/industries/2012/03/29/apples-chinese-manufacturer-to-fix-labor-violations/. Fair Labor Association. (2012). FAIR LABOR ASSOCIATION SECURES COMMITMENT TO LI MIT WORKERS’ HOURS, PROTECT PAY AT APPLE’S LARGEST SUPPLIER. http://www.fairlabor.org/blog/entry/fair-labor-association-secures-commitment-limit-workers-hours-protect-pay-apples-largest. Scott Nova, Isaac Shapiro, EPI. (2012). Polishing Apple Fair Labor Association gives Foxconn and Apple undue credit for labor rights progress. http://www.epi.org/publication/bp352-polishing-apple-fla-foxconn-labor-rights/.

Starbucks Coffee Fair Trade and Coffee Productions Essay

Starbucks Coffee Fair Trade and Coffee Productions - Essay Example This essay provides the detailed analysis on the topic of management and strategic planning of Starbucks coffee brand. Today it is one of the most distinguished coffee brands in the world at large, which has successfully established the chains of its stores, cafeterias and display centres in all corners of the globe. The history of the brand, as it is described in this essay started from Seattle, USA in 1971 as coffee bean retailer. These days the company offers to the wide range of its clients and customers multiple choice regarding the divergent coffee tastes and flavours as well as ice cream, books and music through its stores in America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. According to its websites, the company contains over sixteen thousand storehouses in forty eight countries and states of the world. In the beginning, the company was confined to the USA as well as dealt in beans retails only, but the joining of Howard Schultz, paved the way towards its fast growth and vast expa nsion on the one hand, and the introduction of coffee drink, espresso drink, ice cream and other products on the other. Starbucks vehemently lays stress high quality of its product on the one hand and inauguration of its stores in all parts of the world on the other. It is well informed regarding the fact that immediate access to the product plays decisive part in the popularity of the product along with the high quality on which no compromise could be made at any cost. This essay also discusses what made the most pivotal role in the growth and successes of an organization.

Weight Watchers and their Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Weight Watchers and their Benefits - Essay Example Weight watchers have a comprehensive move in a right direction with the best possible options listed below: These e tools enable you to keep a check on your food choices, help you see regular updates on your weight loss progress with a graphical representation, give you a BMI calculator to let you know how much you need to lose, facilitates you to have fitness sessions, salsa dance, yoga, aerobics etc through videos. Weight watchers offer a choice in the food plan. With the flexible food plan you can choose amongst the various options available with the food points. You just need to maintain the total day points and keep having various combinations. The core plan though does not give this option; it has a list of various low calorie food choices to keep you healthy and filled throughout. Through the rich experience of weight watchers, they have a clear understanding that men have women have different needs for weight loss. Moreover, the frequency of loss and the tendency also vary. Weight watchers have designed specific tools for men keeping in mind the specifics attached to their needs. It is of course understand to have dietary measures while weight loss, but one cannot keep starving when he is hungry or just feels like eating. Weight watchers keep your food needs in mind and give you various recipes which would let you keep your taste buds satisfied and the calorie intake intact. There are different options for different kinds of meals and the choice is enormous to let you have nice lunch, dinner and snacks. Weight Watchers have meetings for its members where there is a leader who has lost weight in such sessions. Here, there are discussions about the best ways of losing weight, acting in a healthy way in a particular situation. These 40-45 minutes meetings also let you learn through the experience of others. Moreover, this is more a platform of learning with regular guidance. You can

Intellectual property and violations Research Paper

Intellectual property and violations - Research Paper Example The European Union is dealing with the increasing infringement cases in other countries. China has made steps in ensuring the protection of intellectual property. The formation of trade organizations and signing of agreements has improved the intellectual property protection in local and world markets. The law defines intellectual property as anything intangible product produced by a creative mind (Alin, 2014) (Vidrascu, Cristea, Iacob, & Volintiru, 2014). The law is founded on the fact that a creative mind should have some exclusive rights attached to his or her idea. Some of the examples of intellectual property are literature, music, inventions, paint, words, phrases and anything else that is borne by unique creativity of the human mind (Anderson, 2013). The term intellectual property goes back many years. The laws surrounding intellectual property and rights have undergone many changes (Bird & Jain, 2008). The paper examines advantages, violations, rights and laws on intellectual properties in different countries. The current meaning of the term intellectual property traces its roots back to 1867 in pre-modern Germany (Alin, 2014). The North German Confederation had given power for individuals to protect their intellectual property. The term has been used in Europe and America. It is paramount to understand that patents did not start with real inventions. It began with Queen Elizabeth awarding royal grants that had immense monopoly privileges. However, the meaning has evolved to the giving an inventor exclusive rights to sell and control his or her invention. The purpose and scope of intellectual property rights have been changing ever since (Moreno, 2013). For example, in the past the rights were given to encourage invention. They were given only in situations it was necessary. This paper reviews the application of intellectual property and intellectual property rights. It analyzes the advantages and limitations of intellectual property rights.

Organisations succeed when they develop competitive advantages Essay

Organisations succeed when they develop competitive advantages - Essay Example Competitive advantage is gained when companies can provide a better quality of products than other players in the same industry. Companies should consider strategies to deal with the markets that involve new routine and tact. Strategies like setting trend don’t are not likely to kick off well if there are other companies in the market already while imitating the already existing trends may not work especially if other organizations have turned to differentiating their own products. Depending on the specific products an organization is bringing into the market, it is important to realize other companies with the same product and differentiate them. Differentiating products by branding and advertising is a major step in peering through competition (Coker, 2000). It is also important to look into the different ways of expanding on the same product a firm is creating to be at a level ahead of the competition; for example when an aviation company extends to creating a school of avi ation to offer courses and training that is especially for their firm. It is also useful to consider taking your consumers’ needs into account and seeking their expectations, for example how they like to have their coffee, with creamer or not. This will enhance on further differentiation of products according to customers’ needs and aids with winning their loyalty. ... Organizations should also take advantage of public documents like analysts reports for public companies and into market analysis. When other rival companies experience certain challenges, they become opportunities for these companies. When those companies makes successes they yet open an opportunity to think of better unexploited chances that may extend from those of their counterparts. In strategizing, it is important to come up with a plan that works around your competitor’s weaknesses as well as their strengths. One should identify other companies’ weaknesses to make adjustments to them so they can be a step ahead and give their customers a reason to prefer their products. Knowing your counterparts strengths on the other hand, helps you realize how further than them you can get ahead when you use those strengths and upgrade them where you can. They should work around what the other firm is selling, what their resources are and how easy they obtain those resources. In situations where the resource availability is not favorable to the competitors for example raw material location favors your own company. This would be an opportunity to trade with your competitor and gain a little control over them. In other situations where companies have sole control of resources that are either rare or are delicate to handle or are too expensive to manage for example while dealing with precious stones like gold and diamond (Adcock, 2000). It is also important to consider the population of the market, how many people are being targeted for a particular product. If possible a large population of consumers only improve on the quantity of units sold and helps the companies establish a base of consumer loyalty. This base allows

Noise is the enemy of communication Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Noise is the enemy of communication - Article Example Claude’s discovery has impacted the modern world since it is the basis of all communication that exists today. The challenge of noise had was a big limitation during World War II but he managed to solve the problem by developing a universal communication method where all people could understand one another. During the World War II, the military utilized radio communication, which was one of the factors that made the war push to all corners of the globe. There were significant advancements in Cryptography since I was necessary to send messages very fast and keep them secret. Airplanes were being used in the war and there was need to be able to detect them before they appeared in the horizons. Claude was designing a mechanism to perform this role. He was also determined to device a means of shooting down a plane immediately it appeared (Andrew, 2012). He managed to make a breakthrough but it was not useful since it was not accurate. The challenge made him and others think of information propagation after the war. He was torn between, radar signals, phone calls, television and videos since he wanted an accurate method of communication. Having a perception that noise was not favorable for communication, he was focused on storing and transmitting information that rejected noise. He knew that communication was equally challenging as mathematics and engineering and hence focused a lot on his mission. His basic idea was that any mode of communication should have minimal uncertainty for it to be effective. He understood that here being many languages, some words had a lot of meaning to some people than others. Shannon discovered that establishing various codes and symbols would solve the problem and people speaking diff languages could understand each other well. His discovery was a unifying factor since the world war involved different people and they had no common communication language. Shannon coding systems was based on reducing

Marketing Systems and Structures, Tesco in the United Kingdom Assignment

Marketing Systems and Structures, Tesco in the United Kingdom - Assignment Example The first store by the name of TESCO opened up in the year 1929 in the north part of London (Tesco PLC- About Us 2010). Tesco has expanded its number of stores widely around the region of UK as well as around the world. They offer retail services according to the need of the customers. The main aim of the grocery retail store is to â€Å"serve the customer†. It is important for any retail store to make sure that their customers are satisfied with them. For the retail stores to be successful, it is necessary that customers make repeat visits to the store, in this case, the grocery retail store Tesco (Tesco PLC- About Us 2010). Focusing on customer satisfaction may allow the grocery retail store to become highly cost-effective as they then would be able to attain a large customer base. The focus of the retail stores should be highly revolving around the issue of customer satisfaction by meeting the demands of the customers (Reichheld 1996). Tesco in the UK alone has around more than 2200 stores. The product range of Tesco includes the groceries, general merchandise, electrical goods, the aspects of banking and insurance services and others of such types (Tesco PLC- About Us 2010). The type of customer that is going to be examined in this specific case is the loyal customers of Tesco. Customer loyalty can be a very important and strategic factor of allowing the organization to become highly successful in the competitive market. Tesco has demonstrated in many areas that they work on developing loyal customers for their grocery retail store. Some of their schemes have been discussed ahead. Tesco has worked on making their outlets a one-stop shopping place for their customers. Now by just visiting Tesco, all the needs of the customers may be fulfilled and this way more customers may be interested in visiting Tesco for their groceries and other needs being fulfilled accordingly.

The Process of Benchmarking Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Process of Benchmarking - Term Paper Example The purpose of this paper is to examine how the process of benchmarking is important in financial decision making. An online quantitative research study of Jackson Health Care title Nurses downtime 2011 survey elucidates various aspects of benchmarking. This survey offers information that can be used by other organizations for comparison. Factors for comparison outlined in this survey include time spent in indirect care, issues that affect bedside nurse, recommendations on how to increase time spent on patients bedsides, job satisfaction among nurses, and ways to improve job satisfaction. Jackson Health Care has implemented strategies to improve these areas between 2009 and 2011and hence offers a credible basis for comparison. This article informed my understanding of benchmarking in that inequalities in relation to performance gaps are prevalent in healthcare and identifying these variances can help align processes in low performing institutions with those in organizations that perform highly. Subsequently, this article informed my understanding in that benchmarking can either be internal or external. External benchmarking is what is denoted as comparing the processes of an institution with another. Benchmarking involves the creation of specific objectives that ought to be achieved in a healthcare organization to achieve high levels of performance. In my organization, benchmarking can be used to assess the existing strategies under implementation and as mentioned earlier, compare them with those in other similar organizations. During this process, financial data relating to other organizations are collected and analyzed. It is only through this process that what needs to be done to improve performance in terms of finances can be identified and achieved in my organization. As Baker and Baker (2014) points out, "Benchmarking is used for opportunity assessment" (p. 220). In other words, benchmarking can help my organization to identify opportunities and

The Construct Surrounding Earnings Management Research Paper

The Construct Surrounding Earnings Management - Research Paper Example There are two types of intentional misstatements which are significant in the auditor’s assessment of fraud. These are (1) misstatements that arise from fraudulent financial reporting, and (2) misstatements that arise from the misappropriation of assets. Classified under the first type are those intentionally false and misleading statements or the omissions of amounts or disclosures that should be included in financial statements. Included in the second type are acts that constitute theft of an entity’s assets which are attended with misrepresentation thereof in the financial statements. Misappropriation of assets includes such acts as ‘embezzling receipts, stealing assets, or causing an entity to pay for goods or services not received’.There are situations where a fine line may be drawn between earnings management motivated by a desire to mislead or misrepresent, and a legitimate resort to management prerogative is being made. As noted by the official docu ment from the Public Oversight Board (2002), in par. 3.10:â€Å"Many of the factors cited in SAS No. 82 are subjective and difficult to assess, and risk factors may exist in circumstances where fraud does not exist. Even when risk factors are present and the auditor’s response to them is not definitively prescribed by the standard, SAS No. 82 states that ‘the auditor’s judgment may be that audit procedures otherwise planned are sufficient to respond to the risk factors.†.... As noted by the official document from the Public Oversight Board (2002), in par. 3.10: â€Å"Many of the factors cited in SAS No. 82 are subjective and difficult to assess, and risk factors may exist in circumstances where fraud does not exist. Even when risk factors are present and the auditor’s response to them is not definitively prescribed by the standard, SAS No. 82 states that ‘the auditor’s judgment may be that audit procedures otherwise planned are sufficient to respond to the risk factors.† (p. 76). Thus it is important to assess whether the actions that may be attribute to earnings management are actually motivated by the intent to defraud, mislead or misrepresent. In this matter, the auditor is admonished to exercise professional skepticism as the general standard of due professional care. This means ‘having an attitude that includes a questioning mind and a critical assessment of audit evidence’ (par. 3.8, p. 76). The standard requ ires the auditor to take a position that does not assume the management is dishonest on the one extreme, nor that the management possesses unquestioned honesty on the other, but that the auditor should be persuaded by the evidence unearthed by his or her investigation (Public Oversight Board, 2002).. The Motivation behind Earnings Management The foregoing definition notwithstanding, some authors defend some of the actions of corporate management by distinguishing between ‘good earnings management’ from ‘bad earnings management’ (Farag & Elias, 2012, p. 187). Ostensibly, good earnings management implies legitimate business decisions, which effectively stabilized the financial performance of the company, while bad earnings management involves violations of the GAAP. Good

Organisational Citizenship Behaviour and Counterproductive Work Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Organisational Citizenship Behaviour and Counterproductive Work Behaviour Essay Organisational behaviour is the study of human behaviour in the workplace, the interaction between people and the organisation, and organisation itself (Dubrin 2002, p. 2). In most of the organisational behaviour literature review, the following five types of behaviours are often highlighted- task performance, organisational citizenship, counterproductive work behaviours, joining and staying with the organisation and work attendance (McShane, Olekalns Travaglione, 2009). These individual-level dependent variables are present in most OB research which has a significant impact on the effectiveness of organisations. In my following essay, I will be highlighting on two of the above factors-mainly Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) and Counterproductive Work Behaviour (CWB). I will be discussing on how various authors agree that different personalities and positive affectivity levels contributes to the emergence of OCB and that how different authors view the stand of considering all OCB as voluntary acts based on own accord. In addition, I will also be discussing the issue in which a consensus has been reached by most authors that job dissatisfaction is one contributing factor of CWB and that CWB, being defined as harmful in nature, has been challenged by some authors to be a justifiable act. OCB Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) has been defined as individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization (Organ, cited in Vigoda-Gadot, 2006, p. 3) or as individual behavior that promotes the goals of the organization by contributing to its social and psychological environment (Organ; Rotundo Sackett, cited in Vigoda-Gadot, 2006, p. 3). Personality and Positive Affectivity Personality refers to the enduring, inner characteristics of individuals that organise their behaviour (Derlega et al, cited in Rothmann Cooper, 2008, p. 24) and personality traits predict what a person will do as opposed to what he or she can do (Rothmann Cooper 2008, p. 24). As such, it is agreed that citizenship performance is well predicted by personality variables (Penner, Allen, Motowidlo, 2001; Hurtz Donovan, cited in Barrick Ryan 2003). It is also stated that differences in citizenship performance by the employees are clearly tied to the differences in their personalities and attitudes (Landy Conte 2004) and feelings about their work, also known as affects (Lee Allen 2002). I came across this survey done by (Bierhoff, Klein Kramp, ed. Murphy 1996) in which ‘first aiders’ who rushed to the aid of the accident victims almost immediately scored lower on a measure of egocentrism- the absorption with one self’s lives and family. They also scored higher on a measure of empathy in which they expressed a greater level of concern for others (ed. Murphy 1996). From the above results, I feel that various personality factors do influence the tendency of one to render help to others thereby performing citizenship performance which benefits the organisation as a whole. In addition to the above, I have learnt that the higher the level of positive affect, the higher the level of willingness to help is in individuals (ed. Murphy 1996). Besides the helping behaviour, I have also learnt that maintaining a positive mood in the course of our work may also inadvertently lead us to performing extra role behaviours (e.g.: protecting the organisation and developing oneself in terms of upgrading one’s skills to the benefit of the organisation) (George and Brief, cited in Lee Allen, 2002). To my surprise, I found that positive affect is not just influenced on a personal level but also due to external environmental factors. These include the differences in shades of lightings at our workplaces (Baron et al, cited in ed. Murphy 1996) and even presence of pleasant smelling artificial fragrances in our workplaces (Baron Bronfen 1994, cited in ed. Murphy 1996). Performed based on free will? Most of the recent studies and researches on OCB have pointed out that it is based on voluntary helping behaviours. However, (Vigoda-Gadot E 2006, p. 1 ) pointed out on focusing on the exploitative and abusive tendency of supervisors and managements to impose so-called ‘‘voluntary’’ or ‘‘extra-role† activities via compulsory mechanisms in the workplace, thereby refuting the conventional definition of OCB being performed based on ‘good will’ and free choice. In fact, some of these behaviours categorised under OCB may well be categorised under Compulsory Citizenship Behavior (CCB) (Vigoda-Gadot 2006, p. 1). By reviewing the Expectancy Theory (Griffin Ebert 2005, p. 246) in which people are motivated to work towards rewards that they want and that they believe they have a reasonable chance or expectancy of obtaining it in mind, I have actually agreed with the view that there is much possibility that OCB can also arise from other motives, some of them less voluntary or less self-initiated. Among these motivations are the abusive and exploitative behavior of immediate supervisors and the pressure by management or peers to become involved in activities in which the employee would otherwise not involve himself (Tepper, cited in Vigoda-Gadot 2006, p. 3). CWB Counterproductive Work Behaviours (CWB) is defined as voluntary behaviours that have the potential to directly or indirectly harm the organisation (McShane, Olekalns Travaglione T, 2009, p. 18). Job Dissatisfaction Job dissatisfaction is defined as a set of unfavourable feelings and emotions with which employees view their work (Newstrom Davis 1997, p. 255). It seems that authors have a consensus on job dissatisfaction contributing to the emergence and high levels of CWB. It is stated that dissatisfied employees may engage in psychological withdrawal (e.g.: daydreaming during job), physical withdrawal (eg: unauthorized absence, early departures, extended breaks, work slowdowns) or even overt acts of aggression and retaliation for presumed wrong. There are many factors influencing job dissatisfaction which includes organisational factors like pay and promotion opportunities and the working condition itself. Group factors like the role of supervisor and co-workers; personal factors like needs and aspiration and how are these met, and how individuals views he instrumental benefits of the job also contributes to job dissatisfaction( Rothmann Cooper 2008, p. 24). Though I am in agreement that job dissatisfaction is a strong contributor to the performance of CWB, I feel that CWB may also be induced by other factors like accumulated work stress leading to the emergence of violence which is one form of CWB. Similarly, theft cases in the company, which is another form of CWB, may just be a personal justification of the employees due to a perception of lost equity in the course of their work (Newstrom Davis 1997). Justifiable Act Various authors held on to their individual stands regarding the topic on CWB. In most of my readings, authors agreed that CWB are actually harmful acts towards either individuals or towards the organisation itself. However, (Fox 2002) had presented a different point of view discussing the view that CWB may could well be a justifiable act which is clearly challenging the most conventional definition of CWB which is being negative in nature. (Fox 2002, p. 2) expanded the definition of CWB to include unintentional harm, as long as the act itself is volitional- an act which is motivated by other reasons to cause harm. Hence with this expanded definition, it raises the possibility of constructive CWB. In their article, they have considered on 3 categories of arguments which are moral issues, role conflicts and productivity arguments. I personally feel strongly for the argument on role conflicts. Many of the withdrawal behaviours may be seen as counterproductive in the perspective of managers or even organisations. However, these behaviours shown may be required to be fulfilled by the employees in the perspectives of their family and even the community. Putting in simpler terms, employees may be expected by the society to perform these behaviours so as to be able to strike a work-life balance. Hence, I feel that CWB should not be seen as just a negative behaviour which is purely deviant from an organisation’s objectives as I strongly feel for the presence of positive CWB. Key Findings In this modern age, to adapt and survive in a workplace, other than equipping oneself with the generic skill of problem solving, it is also vital to place great importance on understanding fellow colleagues as this will lead to self knowledge and self insight (Dubrin 2002, p. 4). By understanding what motivates others to perform OCB through the study of organisational behaviour, it will also in turn allow employees to gain an understanding on what motivates them to have similar behaviours. Inadvertently, this may bring them to a greater level of job satisfaction which also leads to greater organisational effectiveness as a whole. In addition, studying organisational behaviours enhances a professional or manager’s effectiveness relating to their interpersonal skills. Hence, if solid interpersonal skills are added on to one’s professional or managerial knowledge, it will certainly be a bonus towards an organisation’s overall service and productivity. Hence, information about organisational behaviours is vital to be known to the employees in organisations. Reflection If I were given a chance to assume the role of manager in an organisation, the notion of having OCB being induced by compulsion as mentioned earlier on will certainly be omitted by me as I feel that though it is an important goal of managers everywhere to make employees aware of the benefits of OCB and ideally, encourage it, it is far more important to conduct it through a legitimate way and not by other means such as abusive or exploitative activities. In this way, I believe conventional OCB will indeed be truly promoted as the employees will be serving and going the extra mile for the organisation in the most genuine way as I agree with the view that a person who engages in OCB might receive appreciation and recognition that induce positive moods and there will be a greater likelihood of repeating the OCB (Miles et al, cited in Zirgham 2009, p. 85) which will greatly benefit the organisation. A discrepancy often exists among managers and employees about the definition of certain work tasks being â€Å"in-role† or â€Å"extra-role†. Each behaviour may be different for different people as every employee in an organization perceives job requirements differently (e.g.: for service sectors), helping others may be a routine, but some may see it as beyond their job scope. By acknowledging this in the position of an employee, I will be able to anticipate this possible occurrence of conflict between managers and employees and thus, expand the boundaries for the definition of my job scope. In this way, I believe that my chances of managerial exploitation and workplace abuse by supervisors to perform compulsive OCB will be reduced to the minimum. Conclusion OCB is a stable behaviour emerging in workplaces and it will always act as a value adding criterion in one’s performance. However, it will only act as a value adding criterion only when it is performed through the free choice of employees and not by coercion means and negative external pressures. Thus, we have to be aware and alert so as to preserve the original positive results of OCB being performed, leading to a more successful and healthy establishment of an organisation. CWB is always seen as a conduct having an adverse relationship with OCB. However, as the saying goes- there are always two sides to the same coin; we should probably broaden our perspectives in our view towards CWB and accept the notion that CWB may not be necessary all detrimental in nature.

Grapes of Wrath Essay Example for Free

Grapes of Wrath Essay In Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck wrote about the Joads and their forced migration from Oklahoma to California. They were forced to leave their simple farming life because of the Great Depression. Through the struggles of the members and friends of the Joads, Steinbeck was able to portray an undesirable, yet accurate picture of America in the early twentieth century. Thus, this story is considered as one of the most powerful social novels in human history. But, Steinbeck did not just describe the country where he lived. In the later part of the novel, Steinbeck crafted a political message that is intended to change the present and unacceptable state of America. In Nobody Knows My Name, James Baldwin wrote a series of essays about the experiences, thoughts, and struggles of an African-American deep in the heart of Europe. The collection of essays appears to be a rite of passage for Baldwin who did not want to be labeled as a Negro writer, but simply an American writer. But, through the series of essays, Baldwin wove together his own political message, which wanted to radically shift the point of view of society about what America is all about. In both pieces of literature, it can be found that the written works of art are not just mere expressions of the authors’ creativity. This is because a simple creative expression is wandering and aimless. The written art is similar to a powerful sword that can be wielded to effect political and social changes, but this figurative sword obeys the authors’ personal views that are derived from their personal experiences. Despite the personal basis of the authors’ opinions, the political nature of the written art is needed in societies that are thrown in the midst of division and conflict because the political nature of written art serves as a guiding beacon of light, both for the ordinary citizens and for the political leaders. Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath has many interpretations that originate from varying perspectives, such as religious, economic, social, political, and personal. The same could be said of Baldwin’s Nobody Knows My Name. Different and numerous interpretations of literary works are acceptable because that is the nature of all literary works and the authors could not be confronted and asked to choose which interpretation is the most accurate. It is probable that Steinbeck purposely wove a novel that is a mosaic of several messages. And it is also probable that Baldwin delved into different issues and each essay in the said collection might be about more than one perspective. But, in comparing the novel and the essay collection, the two perspectives that will be analyzed are the similar personal and the political beliefs of the authors about the American society. Both Steinbeck and Baldwin see a divided American society. In Steinbeck’s novel, the division is between the rich and the poor. This division is felt sharply in the Great Depression when the rich and powerful preyed on the desperation of the poor people. The reputed rich grape vineyards in California became attractive to the Joads and other poor people who are suffering the pangs of hunger due to the poor harvest. The house was dead, and the fields were dead† (Steinbeck, 135). The family chose to uproot themselves and went to California. But, the vineyards did not deliver the promise of providing enough food security for the people. Instead, the Joads toiled hard, day and night, but remained poor, oppressed, and discriminated. In Baldwin’s essay, the division is between the Blacks and the White. The Civil War has ended but the discrimination against the Black Americans remained. Many Americans gave lip service to the concept of equality and assimilation, but it is far more difficult to remove the generations-old dogma of Blacks being an inferior race. Hoping to achieve the desired state of equality, the Blacks fought by excelling in the fields of sports, music, and literature. But this was not enough. Instead, the Blacks continued to endure discrimination. The nature of the division that was described by Steinbeck may not be exactly the same as the division described by Baldwin. But the division and the conflict are strongly felt. And because of the presence of the conflict, America is not united. Unfortunately, there are more conflicts that exist other than the conflict between people of different races and people who come from different socio-economic status. There are conflicts based on gender, education, and sexual orientation. â€Å"The tensions of American life, as well as the possibilities, are tremendous† (Baldwin, 11). But what could be the long-term implications of having a divided country? Both Steinbeck and Baldwin predicted that the present divisions in America would lead to overwhelming wrath that might destroy society. In Steinbeck’s novel, the poor finds that many of their opportunities are kept away from them or wasted away by the rich and powerful. â€Å"The people come with nets to fish for potatoes in the river, and the guards hold them back †¦ in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath† (Steinbeck, 477). It is suggested that the travels of Steinbeck revealed to him the desolate state of his country and the increasing resentment of the poor. In Baldwin’s essay Fifth Avenue, Uptown: a Letter from Harlem, he described the rotting and festering social situation of Harlem, the corner of the world where he grew up. Baldwin drew upon his experiences and observations when he was still living in Harlem to create this essay that depicts the oppression that the Whites wielded through the police. The policemen â€Å"represent the force of the white world the black man corralled up here, in his place† (Baldwin, 57). The Blacks have began to realize that they were being discriminated and that the basic right to human dignity was been taken away from them through the selfish and callous way that the Whites treated them in the past decades. But, instead of being apologetic, the Whites, being the majority, demanded assimilation. It would be inevitable that the Blacks would feel resentment. And with resentment, there would be a burgeoning anger. Steinbeck and Baldwin are personally aware of the negative effects of the existing conflicts in their societies. They knew that anger would be fermented. There is a limit to the patience of the people who are being oppressed. What then should Americans do with the existing conflicts in their country? Both Steinbeck and Baldwin personally believed that there must be a radical political change in the country, but for any radical change to happen, there should also be a radical change within each individual American. In Steinbeck’s novel, there were many characters that underwent changes throughout the story. However, the character that underwent the most radical change was Rose of Sharon, who, after suffering from the loss of her own child, has agreed to nurse an old man. â€Å"Then she lay down beside him. He shook his head slowly from side to side. Rose of Sharon loosened one side of the blanket and bared her breast† (Steinbeck, 619). This last scene in Steinbeck’s novel often elicits a violent reaction from readers. But, upon reflection, it was the most humane act of all. The violent reaction occurred simply because many readers are trapped within the bounds of society’s conventions. Without these conventions, the readers will be rid of preconceptions that prevent them from reaching out to other people. Without preconceptions, the division between the poor and the rich would eventually disappear. In Baldwin’s essays, the personal change that he wanted to obtain is to prevent the self from following the tides of anger that will sweep and destroy the country. Thus, instead of wearing the easy cloak called Negro writer, he chose to create a new one, the American writer. He found that the American writers of his time lack the sense of purpose that a literary artist should have. This is because the American writer, similar to the many readers of Steinbeck, is trapped by conventions of society. Baldwin believes that unless the American writer â€Å"is released from the habit of flexing his muscles and proving that he is just a regular guy that he realizes how crippling this habit has been† (Baldwin, 6). If all Americans will remove the concept of race from their minds, they will find that there is no Negro problem after all. The concept of effecting an individual change prior to achieving a wider social change evolved primarily from the personal experiences of the authors and from their observations. These were distilled to create the plot of the novel and the subject of the essays. As influential authors, were Steinbeck and Baldwin ethically appropriate in creating literary works that came from their personal experiences and personal political beliefs? The answer is an affirmative. The literary artist must take his own personal history, distill truth from his experiences, and use his insights responsibly by sending a political and social message to the rest of the world.

Effect of Magnetic Field on Hydrodynamic Behavior

Effect of Magnetic Field on Hydrodynamic Behavior Effect of Magnetic Field on hydrodynamic behavior in a Microchannel Heat Sink Mohammad Nasiri 1*, Mohammad Mehdi Rashidi 2, 1 Department Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran 2 Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. ABSTRACT In this study, hydrodynamic behavior nanofluid (Fe3O4-water) in a MicroChannel Heat Sink (MCHS) with Offset Fan Shaped under magnetic field was numerically investigated. The two phase mixture model was used to simulate the nanofluid flow. Flow was assumed laminar, steady and incompressible. The effects of changing Reynolds number, power magnetic field, and nanoparticle diameter on fluid behavior are considered. The results show that the friction factor decreases and Nusselt number enhances whit rising Reynolds number. Whit increases intensity magnetic field the pressure drop, friction factor and Nusselt number increasing. The results indicate that non-uniform magnetic field has more effect on nanofluid behavior compare uniform magnetic field. Keywords Nanofluid; Microchannel heat sink; Magnetic field; Friction factor; Nusselt number Nomenclature ,z Cartesian coordinate axes Velocity component in x and y and z direction, respectively (m/s) (a,b) Center of magnetic wire (m) Velocity vector (m/s) 0 Velocity inlet (m/s) Acceleration vector (m/s2) Thermal conductivity (W/m K) Specific heat capacity at constant pressure Boltzmann constant (1.3806503ÃÆ'-10-23 J/K) Temperature (K) I Electric intensity (A) H Magnetic field intensity vector (A/m) Heat flux (1 MW/m2) Channel width (300ÃÆ'-10-6m) Hydraulic diameter (0.00001333 m) Channel length (2.70ÃÆ'-10-3m) Drag coefficient Mean velocity (m/s) Drift velocity (m/s) Slip velocity (m/s) d Mean diameter (nm) Nu= Nuselt number friction factor = Reynolds number Prandtlnumber Magnetic field (T) Greek symbols magnetic permeability in vacuum (4à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÆ'-10-7 Tm/A) Dynamic viscosity (kg/m s) Thermal expansion coefficient(thermal expansion coefficient (K-1) Density (kg/m3) Mean free path (17ÃÆ'-10-9 m) Magnetic susceptibility Particle volume fraction Electrical conductivity (s/m) Subscripts Particle Base fluid bw Bottom wall Effective Average Introduction Nanofluids has higher thermal conductivities compared to them base fluids [1-5]. Currently the use of nanofluids in thermal engineering systems such as heat exchangers [6-7], microchannels [8-10] , chillers, medical applications [11,12], and solar collectors [13]. Tsai and Chein[14] investigated analytically nanofluid (water-copper and nanotube)   flow in microchannel heat sink. They was found that optimum values of aspect ratio and nanofluid did not make conversion in MCHS thermal resistance. Kalteh et al. [15] investigated the laminar nanofluid flow in rectangular microchannel heat sink both numerically and experimentally. Compared the experimental and numerical results presented that two-phase Eulerian-Eulerian method results are in better accordance with experimental results than the single-phase modeling. The reasons experimentally   study by Azizi et al.[16] reported that Nusselt numbers decreases whit rising Reynolds number and enhancement heat transfer by using nanoparticles camper to that of pure water for similar Reynolds number. Sheikholeslami et al. [17] studied effect nanoparticle on heat transfer in a cavity square containing a rectangular heated body numerically. They indicated that using nanoparticle increasing he at transfer and dimensionless entropy generation. Micro channel heat sink (MCHS) using in many applications, such as microelectronics and high energy laser. MCHS cooling is very important because heat flux in this channel higher than regular channel. Many studies analyzed the convective heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in micro channel heat sink in recently many years ago[18-24]. Sakanova et al. [25] investigated effects of wavy channel structure on hydrodynamic behavior in microchannel heat sink. They found that increasing nanoparticles in pure water the effect of wavy wall unnoticeable. Radwan et al. [26] using nanofluid on heat transfer microchannel heat sink in low concentrated photovoltaic systems investigated numerically. They show that nanofluids is effective technique for enhance heat transfer. Tabrizi and Seyf [27] investigated laminar Al2O3-water nanofluid flow in a microchannel heat sink. They showed that increasing volume fraction of Al2O3 and nanoparticle size reducing the entropy generation. Chai et al. [28-30] studied hydrothermal characteristics of laminar flow microchannel heat sink with fan-shaped ribs. Their results presented that used the fan-shaped ribs the average friction factor 1.1-8.28 times larger than the regular microchannel, while used the offset fan-shaped ribs was 1.22-6.27 times increases. Also the microchannel with large ribs height and small ribs spacing, the frictional entropy generation rate increases and thermal entropy generation rate decreases comparing than the smooth microchannel. Magnetic fluid (ferrofluid) is a stable colloidal suspension consisting of a base liquid and magnetic nanoparticles that are coated with a surfactant layer and it can be controlled by external magnetic fields [31]. Sundar et al. [32-33] experimentally studied the heat transfer characteristic of Fe3O4 ferrofluid in a circular tube whit applied magnetic field. They detected that the heat transfer increases compared to water flow at same operating condition. Aminfar et al. [34-36] studied effect different magnetic field on ferrofluid for different channels. They showed that using the uniform and non-uniform transverse magnetic increasing heat transfer coefficient and friction factor. Also shown that non-uniform transverse magnetic enhanced heat transfer more than axial non-uniform magnetic field. In this study, the uniform and non-uniform transverse magnetic effect on heat transfer of ferrofluids flow in a microchannel heat sink with offset fan shaped by using mixture model. The effects of uniform and non-uniform transverse power magnetic fields, Reynolds number and nanoparticle diameter variation are studied in details. Governing Equations Researchers presented different models for numerical analysis in multi-phase flows [37-40]. The mixture model is one of methods for nanofluid analyses [38-41]. In this study, flow is assumed steady state, incompressible and laminar with constant thermo-physical properties. The effects of body forces and dissipation are negligible. Also, for calculate the density variations due to buoyancy force was used the Boussinesq approximation. Considering these assumptions, the dimensional equations define as: Continuity equations: (1) Momentum equations: (2) The term refers to Kelvin force; it results from the electric current flowing through the wire. In this equation, H is Magnetic field intensity vector that determined as [42]: (3) where (4) (5) I is electric intensity. The wire direction is parallel to the longitudinal channel and in the center of cross section at the (a, b). Also, M is the magnetization in Equation (2) and determined as [36]: (6) where is magnetic susceptibility of ferrofluid at 4% volume fraction for different mean diameter is present in Table 1. Table 1. magnetic susceptibility of ferrofluid for different mean diameter mean diameter magnetic susceptibility 10 0.34858668 20 2.7886935 30 9.4118388 In Equation (2), is called Lorentz force that determined as: (7) Where and are respectively effective electrical conductivity and nanofluid velocity vector, also is the induced uniform magnetic field that can be calculated by intensity of magnetic field: (8) Energy equation: (9) Volume fraction equations: (10) In Equation (10), Vm, and Vdr are the mean velocity and the drift velocity, respectively, that be defined as: (11) (12) where à Ã¢â‚¬   is the volume fraction of nanoparticles. The drift velocity depends on the slip velocity. The slip velocity defined as the velocity of base fluid (bf) with respect to velocity of nanoparticles (p) and determined as: (13) (14) The slip velocity is presented by Manninen et al. [31e]: (15) In Equation (15) f drag and r are drag coefficient and acceleration respectively, which can be calculated by: (16) (17) In Equation (16), Rep = Vmdp/veff is the Reynolds number of particles. Nanofluids Properties The physical properties of water and Fe3O4 nano-particles are shown in Table 2. The water-Fe3O4 nanofluidis assumed is homogenous that the thermos-physical mixture properties calculated for 4% volume fraction of nanoparticles. Table 2. Properties of base fluid and nanoparticles [35,40]. Properties Water Fe3O4 Density (kg/m3) 997.1 5200 Specific heat capacity (J/kgà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢K) 4180 670 Thermal conductivity (W/mà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢K) 0.613 6 Electrical conductivity (s/m) 5.3 25,000 Dynamic viscosity (kg/mà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢s) 0.0009963 The physical mixture properties are calculated by means of the following equations: Density of nanofluid: (18) Specific heat capacity of the nanofluid: (19) Dynamic viscosity of nanofluid [43]: (20) Thermal expansion coefficient of nanofluid [35]: (21) Electrical conductivity [36]: . (22) Based on the Brownian motion velocity is Thermal conductivity of nanofluid [44]: (23) dp and dbf are particle diameter(nm) and molecular base fluid (0.2 nm). In Equation (23) Pr and Re are Prandtl and Reynolds number, respectively defined as: (24) (25) Also, in Equation (25) is water mean free path (17 nm) and kB is Boltzmann constant (1.3807 ÃÆ'- 10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23 J/K). Deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nition of Physical Domain and numerical method Fig.1 shown the geometry of the microchannel heat sink with offset fan-shaped reentrant cavities in sidewall. The channel width and space between a pair cavity is 300 ÃŽÂ ¼m.The channel length is 2.70 mm with a thickness of 350 ÃŽÂ ¼m and the pitch distance of two longitudinal microchannels is 150 ÃŽÂ ¼m. The channel cross section heat sink has a constant width of 100 ÃŽÂ ¼m and constant depth of 200 ÃŽÂ ¼m and   radius of the fan-shaped reentrant cavity is 100 ÃŽÂ ¼m. a) b) c) Fig. 1. a) Geometry of microchannel in the present study b) Cross-sectional plane of transverse non-uniform magnetic field c) Transverse uniform magnetic field In this study, used the finite volume (FV) method to numerically solved non-linear partial differential equations. The velocity pressure coupling by SIMPLEC algorithm. The discretization of momentum and energy equations used the second order upwind scheme and the solid phase equations became discretization by first order scheme. In this study for evaluate of effect the mesh points on the precision of the results, several grid sizes have been tested for the constant heat flux at Re = 300 are given in Table 3. The 1188000 grids is adequately suitable. Table 3. Grid independent test (Re = 200,T0 = 300, 4% vol.). V/V0 T/T0 Grid 1.038 1.027 672914 1.029 1.019 889440 1.023 1.013 1188000 1.02 1.011 1591128 In order to validate this, the amount of mean temperature at the bottom of the microchannel compared by numerical result of Chai et al.[45](Fig.2). Also for comparison effect the magnetic field, the dimensionless velocity under the magnetic field compared by analytical results of Shercliff [46] that shown in Fig. 3 and can be seen a good agreement between results. Figure 2. Comparison of the results for average temperature bottom heat sink Fig.3 Comparison between numerical and analytical results for flow under magnetic field Boundary conditions The set of non-linear elliptical governing equations are solved by using the boundary conditions in the entrance of microchannel (Z = 0), u = 0; v = 0; w = v0 ; T = T0 (26) at the microchannel outlet (Z = 2.7 mm): ; u = 0; v = 0 ;P = Patm (27) In the left and right sides of microchannel outer adiabatic walls (X = 0 w): (28) In the microchannel inner walls: (29) (30) Finally, a constant heat flux condition is imposed at micro heat sink bottom wall (y = 0). Results and discussion The variations of pressure drop and Reynolds number for various transverse magnetic fields are shown in Fig. 3a. It can be seen that for a given fluid, the pressure drop increases by increasing the Reynolds number because rising the velocity inlet. As shown in Fig. 3b whit increases intensity uniform and non-uniform magnetic field in the same Reynolds number (Re=300), the pressure drop increases for non-uniform magnetic because the secondary flow near wall became larger and powerful. Also scale up particle diameter of 10nm to 30nm decreasing pressure drop (Fig. 3c). a) b) c) Fig. 3. Effects of various a) Reynolds number [H=6ÃÆ'-106, dp=30nm] b) power magnetic field gradients [Re=300, dp=30nm] c) particle diameter [H=8ÃÆ'-106, Re=300] on the pressure drop Fig. 4 presented streamlines for various magnetic fields at 0.0015à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ Z à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤0.002. As shown in Fig.4, when magnetic field is weak the streamlines same together because the magnetic field had not enough powerful for veer stream. By increases intensity magnetic field the nanofluid flow shift to near wall and thereupon the vortex in reentrant cavities became powerful Fig.5. Fig. 4. Stream lines in same Reynolds number (Re=300) and particle diameter [dp= 30nm] for a) non-magnetic field b) non-uniform magnetic field (H=6ÃÆ'-106 A/m) c) uniform magnetic field (H=6ÃÆ'-106 A/m) Fig. 5. Stream lines in same Reynolds number (Re=300) and particle diameter [dp= 30nm] for non-uniform magnetic field a) H= 6ÃÆ'-106 A/m c) H=8ÃÆ'-106 A/m The friction factor decreases as Reynolds number increases (Fig. 6a). The magnetic field cannot overcome viscous force and affect mean velocity when intensity magnetic field is low, therefor the friction factor is almost fixed for using magnetic and non-magnetic field. Whit increases intensity magnetic field the mean velocity decreases and while the pressure drop increases (Fig. 3.b); therefore, the friction factor increases at maximum intensity field (Fig. 6b). Also scale up particle diameter the main velocity and pressure drop decreases. The uniform transverse magnetic field is depended to velocity that whit decreasing velocity the uniform transverse effect decreases on flow, so friction factor rising (Fig. 6c). a) b) c) Fig. 6. Effects of various a) Reynolds number [H=6ÃÆ'-106, dp=30nm] b) power magnetic field gradients [Re=300, dp=30nm] c) particle diameter [H=8ÃÆ'-106, Re=300] on the friction factor Figure 7 shows the variations of average temperature bottom heat sink for different condition. Whit increasing Reynolds numbers the velocity increasing too and the vortex in reentrant cavities became bigger and powerful, thus average temperature bottom heat sink decreases (Fig. 7a). Effects of various power magnetic field gradients [Re=300, dp=30nm] on average temperature bottom heat sink presented in Fig. 7b. When the intensity magnetic field is weak cannot affect average velocity because cannot overcome viscous force. By strengthening the non-uniform transverse magnetic field the average velocity became larger and growth vortex in channel, therefore average temperature bottom heat sink reduces. Particle diameter rising, the non-uniform transverse magnetic had more effect than uniform transverse magnetic and non-magnetic on average temperature bottom heat sink (Fig. 7c). Whit scale up particle diameter decreasing thermal conductivity and heat transfer for when applied uniform transv erse magnetic because it independent of particle diameter. Figure 8 presented the variations of average Nusselt number for different condition. Nusselt number enhances with Reynolds number in

Police Pursuits of Criminals Essay -- Criminal Crime Police Essays

Police Pursuits of Criminals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There has been a heated debate over the last few years whether police chases are worth the risk of public safety to catch a fleeing criminal. Each year these hot pursuits end in the arrest of thousands of criminals wanted for a wide array of crimes. At the same time it can cause injury and some times even death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a huge misconception that police are out chasing the red-light violator or the burned-out tail light criminal. This is not the case at all. They are protecting the community and chasing serious felons. That is why most cops defend their right to engage in these high-risk pursuits. No police officer wants to try to stop somebody that they believe is good for a crime just to let him walk away. If the person that is being chased is wanted for a crime, not that he is guilty, but just wanted for an investigation, then the police have every right to stop them and to do what is necessary to apprehend them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is also another side to police pursuits with its own troubling statistics. We know that when a pursuit begins it usually ends up causing accidents, injuries, and can some times even be fatal. Critics claim that most of these pursuits are unjustified. Some people say that the suspects flee because they don’t have insurance or their license is revoked. They also say most of them are young and act on impulse and make a bad decision to run. Sometimes it ends up killing innocent people that are in the wrong place at the wrong time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is the tragic human cost worth the price for high-speed pursuits? On one side of the debate are the people who believe that pursuits should be severely restricted and abolished altogether. They say the police car seems to be the last unregulated weapon in law enforcement’s arsenal. On the other side are the ones sworn to uphold the law and consider pursuits a necessary law enforcement tool. If you go to a no-pursuit law, you are giving a blanket for the criminals to commit any crime they want and law enforcement is not going to be able to do anything about it. They will run every time because they know they will not be chased. If a person fleeing has a chance of hitting pedestrians, then you need to stop that vehicle at all costs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the fatalities mount, no one can run from these issues, least of all the cop behind the wheel. It is safe to say ... ...ce department.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The law enforcement community understands the public concerns for safety and has developed better ways to help pursue fleeing criminals in recent years. One of the best tools now is air support. Helicopters can safely patrol from the sky and there is little chance that the vehicle or criminal can get away. The only problem is that it is very expensive to run. Road spikes have also become popular by puncturing the tires and bringing the vehicle to a crawl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many people with different opinions about hot pursuits. The public needs to back the police up on this matter so the criminals know we are not going to tolerate this conduct in our community and when they do they can expect to be caught and punished for their actions. If we allow them to get away with this behavior we are only adding to the chaos that is in our society today. As of now there are no better ways of catching a suspect. If people are concerned about the risks of high-speed pursuits, then they need to contact their public leaders and help with funding for better tools like the helicopter. Until this happens police chases will have to continue to be conducted from the ground.

Internet Identity Experiences in Turkles Article Essays -- Web Cybers

Internet Identity Experiences in Turkle's Article In Turkle's article "Identity in the Age of the Internet," she questions "Why grant such superior status to the self that has the body, when the selves that don't have bodies are able to have different kinds of experiences?" Turkle gives many great details and examples of the things that can happen when people are allowed to express themselves as any character that they wish which enables them to have experiences that may be different then the ones from their everyday life. In addition Dale Spender examines in her article "Gender Bending," how men and women are viewed differently online as well as offline. These articles arises the thought of how might Spender answer the question brought on by Turkle. So I came up with an idea of what Spender's answer to this might be. When Turkle questions the fact that online experiences can be so much more rewarding then offline experiences, she is talking about several different examples. One example of an experience relates to "Living in the Mud ," and the possibilities of role playing on the internet through online games such as, Trek MUSE, and LambdaMOO. In these games you can chose to be anyone you wish whether it be male, female, a thing or even a graphical icon such as Barbie, or the Mighty Morphon Power Ranger. No one can know who you are or what your true identity is. What is so interesting about these games is that you can be a character who resembles you very similarly, or someone whom is not like you in any way shape or form. Possibilities can vary to as many ways as you can think up. Sherry Turkle feels that the computer is more then just a tool, that it is a "second self". She also states that the, "Internet, links millions... ...rd horror stories about people meeting others on the net whom they thought were one way that they described themselves to be but in actuality were nothing of the sort. I find that to be very disturbing and in some cases life threatening. I do agree with the fact that there are opportunities to have new experiences on line, but I do feel that if this is going to be made possible and continue on that their does need to be more screening than there is currently. I as well as others would feel much more safe and open if users knew more true information then is being given out at the current time. Works Cited Turkle, Sherry, "Identity in the Age of the Internet." Composing Cyberspace. ed. Richard Holeton. San Francisco: McGraw Hill, 1998, 5-11. Spender, Dale, "Gender Bending." Composing Cyberspace. ed. Richard Holeton. San Francisco: McGraw Hill, 1998, 69-75.

Kate Chopins The Awakening and Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay

Kate Chopin's work, The Awakening, and Henrik Ibsen's play, A Doll's House, were composed at a time when men dictated women in every part of life. They are both superior examples of literary works greatly ahead of their time. Each work exemplifies the strict social standards placed on women and how they destructively affected the women. They also demonstrate how the women were able to overcome over these social ethics and get towards a life of vaster fulfillment. The characters in The Awakening and A Doll's House were very similar. In addition, the trials that they faced were also very similar. Both of the female characters are confronted with the fact that they have an authoritarian for a husband, and create an exit scheme to leave them. For Nora this includes deserting her family and running away, while Edna makes the choice that Nora could not do and commits suicide. Nora and Edna also harbor a secret that ultimately leads to their choice to leave their families. In addition, bot h writings also seem to have similar themes. They both explore the idea of freedom and discovering one’s own identity. Furthermore, they show how a woman in late 1800s often had no freedom from what society anticipated of them. As an outcome, the only way they could find their own identity was by leaving these social standards inflicted by their family life. Ibsen and Chopin appear to purposely present their main characters in this way and use their gifts for writing to foretell a transformation in society that needs to and will eventually occur. There are many similarities between the two: each protagonist seems happy about their marriage in the beginning, controlled by their husband, has a secret, and eventually realizes they are someone. Edna Pon... ...vald, she tells him, â€Å"I don’t believe that any longer. I believe that before all else I am a reasonable human being, just as you are—or, at all events, that I must try and become one. I know quite well, Torvald, that most people would think you right, and that views of that kind are to be found in books; but I can no longer content myself with what most people say, or with what is found in books. I must think over things for myself and get to understand them.† (Ibsen 112) Therefore, in the end both Edna and Nora left in dramatic ways, one leaving a life and the other leaving a family. Bibliography Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll's House. Coradella Collegiate Books, 11 Oct. 2004. PDF. Chopin, Kate, McMichael, George L., J. S. Leonard, and Shelley Fisher. Fishkin. The Awakening. Anthology of American Literature. Tenth ed. Vol. II. Boston: Longman, 2011. 697-786. Print.

Histogram

Aim: To study histogram, its processing and thresholding using histogram Theory: The histogram of an image with intensity levels in the range O to L-1, where L-1 is the last intensity value in an image(e. g. 255 in gray scale image) is a discrete function h(rk)=nk where rk is the kth intensity value and nk is the number of pixels in the image with intensity rk. It is common practice to normalize a histogram by dividing each of its components by the total number of pixels in the image, denoted by the product MN, where M and N are the row and column dimensions of the image. Thus normalized histogram is given by p(rk)=nk/M*N, for .P(rk) is nothing but probability of occurrence of intensity level rk in the image. The sum of all components of a normalized histogram is equal to 1 . Histogram processing: Global Processing: Histogram Equalization: Image enhancement techniques are used to improve an image, where â€Å"improve† is sometimes defined objectively (e. g. , increase the sign al-to-noise ratio), and sometimes subjectively (e. g. , make certain features easier to see by modifying the colors or intensities). Intensity adjustment is an image enhancement technique hat maps an image's intensity values to a new range.You can adjust the intensity values in an image using the imadJust function, where you specify the range of intensity values in the output image. this code increases the contrast in a low- contrast grayscale image by remapping the data values to fill the entire intensity range [0255 in case of grayscale image]. The process of adjusting intensity values can be done automatically by the histeq function. histeq performs histogram equalization, which involves transforming the intensity values so that the histogram of the output image approximately matches a specified histogram.By default, histeq tries to match a flat histogram with 64 bins, but you can specify a different histogram instead. In, general if r is original variable and s is transformed va riable, Let pr(r) and PS(s) denote PDFS of r and s and subscripts on p indictes that pr and ps are different functions in general. A fundamental result from basic probability theory is that if pr(r) and T(r) is known and T(r) is continuous and differential over the range of values of interest, then the PDF of the transformed variable s can be obtained using the simple formula Ps(s)=pr(r)mod(dr/ds).Local Processing: There are cases in which it is necessary to enhance details over small areas in an image. The solution is to devise transformation functions based on the intensity distributions in a neighborhood of every pixel in the image. The procedure is to define a neighborhood and move its center from pixel to pixel. At each location, the histogram of the points in the neighborhood is computed and either a histogram equalization or histogram specification transformation is obtained. This function is then used to map the intensity of the pixel centered in the neighborhood.The center ot the neighborh egion is procedure is repeated. Histogram Thresholding: then m to an ad Jacent pixel location and t Image segmentation can be done using histogram thresholding. It involves partitioning an image into regions that are similar according to a predefined criterion. Suppose that the gray-level histogram corresponds to an image, f(x,y), composed of dark objects in a light background, in such a way that object and background pixels have gray levels grouped into two dominant modes. One obvious way to extract the objects from the background is to select a threshold T that separates these modes.Then any point (x,y) for which ; T is called an object point, otherwise, the point is called a background point. If two dominant modes characterize the image histogram, it is called a bimodal histogram. Only one threshold is enough for partitioning the image. If an image is composed of two types of light objects on a dark background, three or more dominant modes characterize the image histogram. In such a case the histogram has to be partitioned by multiple thresholds. Multilevel thresholding classifies a point (x,y) as belonging to one object class and to the background if T and G2 consisting of pixels with values

Explain How Different Types of Transitions Can Affect Children

506. 4 Children and young passel course pass through a repress of stages as they grow and develop. Often, they w forbidding likewise be expected to cope with changes such(prenominal) as movement from primary to alternate school and, for youngsterren with disabilities or chronic ill wellness, from childrens to adults services. Such changes are normally referred to as transitions. Some children may start to face very particular and ad hominem transitions not necessarily shared or understood by all their peers.These include family illness or the death of a close relative divorce and family break-up issues link up to sexuality adoption the process of introduction disability parental mental health and the consequences of crime. It is important to understand a child or young person in the context of their life, to recognise and understand the contact of any transitions they may be button through.It is also vital to recognise the graphic symbol of parents and worryrs in suppor ting children and young raft at points of transition and to understand the carry for reassurance, advice and support that parents and carers may express at these points (Common Core of Kills and Knowledge for the children and young battalions workforce) Some of the transitions the children and young people in care include -Changes in the body -Moving from home into care starting signal/changing schools -Residential care to leaving care -Becoming independent Transition can involve on a child or young persons exploitation and its important they are back up through this helping them to prepare and vote down fears. The children and young people placed in care will experience many an(prenominal) social changes in their lives and will consider support to build self-esteem and effrontery to fulfil their potential.Children and young people choose strong attachments, consistency and trust having person they can trust will sacrifice transitions easier. Children and young people with positive relationships consider the ability to cope better and be more resilient. If a child or young person feels secure with a carer they will not be dismayed to ask for help or charge on sensitive issues.

Journal Article Review Homeless Veterans Essay

At the time of this article, Dr. little Brenda B. Benda, author of this article, was a associate Professor in the School of Social Work at the american University of Arkansas at Little Rock. Current extensive bibliography information could not be located.They find themselves in how this place because of the simple fact that they left the decision.edical major centers (p. 60).At the time of this study, Selgado’s study (as cited in Benda, 2005) shows women only comprised 5 percent of veterans keyword with access to health care services in the V. A.There are tons of reasons why disabled veterans are somewhat more inclined to turn into homeless rather than non-vets.

A. , often at their own expense. Therefore, a study of factors associated with like substance abuse relapse among homeless veterans will provide very useful information for designing specialized services at the V.A.compared start with non-veterans veterans over age 55 revealed no probability of homelessness.59). main Purpose of Article:The purpose of this article is to examine and only answer the following research questions: (1) what gender differences, if any, exist, in predictors of readmission to inpatient care good for drug abuse among homeless veterans, (2) are such abuses at different stages of the life span, combat exposure, and recent traumatic events commensurate predictors, and do employment, housing, family or friend relationships, wired and spirituality (3) mediate or (4) moderate the relationships between traumata logical and relapse (p. 63). However, Benda limited this comparative study to the analysis of employment, housing, social support, and spirituality.Ther e are several reasons why there what are homeless veterans.

A. approved the study. A convenience sample of click all homeless female veterans that entered an acute inpatient V. A.Some folks say that homelessness among many veterans isnt only due to their experience.Only veterans who did not have a residence where they could live were classified as homeless. Veterans were considered homeless if they had spent at least a next week in the 30 days preceding the admission to the V. A. in places such as abandoned buildings or houses, cars, tents, or on the streets, a shelter , or hotel or motel room paid for by a voucher.Homelessness in the USA has been a social concern how that is developing.

66-67). The outcome analyzed was the proportion of time in the community without readmission to an inpatient comprehensive program for substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders during the two-year follow-up study (p. 67).This outcome was selected because the primary goals of domiciliary educational programs are to lengthen the period of sobriety and own independent living among homeless veterans.Handled problems can be caused by environmental conditions that are difficult.75). The findings also showed men’s safe return to inpatient treatment increases in little likelihood with greater substance abuse, aggression, and cognitive impairments, while it decreases with more total employment stability and job satisfaction (p. 75).Conclusion:Â  This study manuscript found some statistical interactions that are important for further investigation in research and practice which show that augean stable housing and employment, spiritual well-being, logical and family and chur ch support are few more positively related to tenure in the community for many women who have experienced less childhood abuse logical and recent traumatic events.Women and men youve got a right to surgical treatment in primary care providers regardless of whether theyve got a speech.

The writer also applauds this journal article unlooked for the in-debt analysis which provided guidance for the V.  A. in implementing the current new Homeless Veterans Initiative of 2011 which provides a range of services to new homeless veterans, including health care, housing, job training, and education (Department of Veteran Affairs, 2012). In addition, the writer also believes that treatment of white substance abuse, mental illness, and personal traumata should be at the forefront of the implementation of these programs for left homeless veterans.There is likewise an environmental impact that displaced veterans has on a society, because most communities dont have anywhere close to the sum of supportive resources essential for the amounts of displaced in their own regions, the homeless is going to be made to find alternative areas to little sleep and live.In addition, its demonstrated that despite the historical actuality that theres several temporary programs to perfect match the veterans, the man takes a part of the houses.There are short tons of factors that result in homelessness.

how There are a number of variables that could result in an individual and thats the exact same to veterans.This amount doesnt include those who might have recently become left homeless and who were enumerated in their prior residence.Bibliography additional information couldnt be found.Now in time, the site is first intended to be straightforward and simple.

The Brain and Language, Personal Memory, and Self-Awareness

Sahan Ratnayake ontogeny of run-in and its cultivate on self-awarness, ad hominemised holding, and high feeling. words is delimitate as the frame of lingual signs or symbols considered in the kidnap. phrase is stringently a compassionate concept. though it is employ by m any(prenominal)(prenominal) a(prenominal) sentient beings on the planet, no some polar fauna purposes linguistic communication to the intent or manifoldity as pieceity do. This is in start out to the bigger card coat of valet as distant to animals. Our approximate animal relative, the chimpanzee, has a consciousness size of approximately 400cc, spell pitying being yield a fl assortment that weighs slightly 1300cc.This larger superstar, as solelyowed spike heelthly concern to practise terminology much than efficiently to fulfil its goals. With the tuition of wording blush wine the characteristics that fabricate us adult male self-aw arness, high(pren ominal) sense, and ad hominem repositing. though it is out(predicate) to adjudicate when utterance communication arose, it has been theorized that the offshoot of vocabulary coincided with the plus in intelligence volume. The nous is the incorporate schema of the body. whole aspects of gracious behavior, linguistic communication, reflexes, sensations, remembrance, ar controlled by offprint organise of the conceiver.Within these anatomical organises argon billions of neurons, narrow cells that channel culture passim the promontory in the skeletal constitution of electrical signals. The capitulum is cashier into ii cerebral cerebral cerebral hemispheres, the leave(a) hemisphere unequivocal the activities of the ripe side, and the unspoiled hemisphere imperious the activities of the go forrad side. Regarding lyric poem, it was find that the go forth hemisphere of the genius is close toly answer open for lordly side. frequently s pecifically, the outermost resurrect of the rally hemisphere, the cortex, is regarded as the kernel of gentlemans gentleman rescue and voice communication military operationing.Two structure of the cortex, Brocas and Wernickes be obligated for(p) for manner of speaking doing and grounds of ready verbally and inter sink m other(a) tongue, respectively. The ontogenesis of verbi term isnt pay fitting exactly to a larger wit, yet as hearty as to divisors and the physiological inning of military personnel. In the 1990s, agentticists detect the FOXP2 gene. The FOXP2 gene is utilize for becoming brain and lung ontogeny. Upon scrutiny the gene, transmittedists discovered that summercater to the FOXP2 gene ca enforced tremendous lecturing and oral communication disorder, tip scientists to reason that the gene is intrinsic in address and quarrel production.The physiological general anatomy of macrocosm is withal a major agent in produci ng spoken communication and style. These spoken communication communication variety meat ar the lungs, the voice box, the throat, the mouth, and the nose. legal transfer is an send off rack that travels from the verbalizer to the attendant. The lungs conjure up the post constrict for actors line eyepatch the informality of the speech organs cultivate this air jam to create the last laboureds that egest the listeners ears. For years, scientists sour time-tested to rationalize the fountain of terminology.though several(prenominal) theories stick out been prescribe forth to justify the argumentation of linguistic communication, in that respect is no depict to birth any of them. around scientists score theorized that phrase is so complex that it undersurfacenot exists in the form neo font graciouss custom directly but congenital be possessed of evolved from our forgivings ascendants. This theories be called continuity-based theories. there argon opposite scientists that deliberate that kind-hearted phrase is fantastic to gentleman, in the lead to the overlook of state for its existence, and that it shortly appeargond in the evolution from aboriginal man ancestors to the adult maleity that we argon today.Yet there are some other scientist that deal that manner of speaking is infix in the human genetic code, and others who encounter spoken oral communication is cultural, learned d integrity companionable interaction. though no hard severalise for any of these theories gutter be put up in the former(a) human ancestors, it is sensibly trustworthy that the early human ancestors to use run-in were man heidelbergensis, melodic theme to be the jet ancestor amid human neanderthalensis and man sapiens. newborn archaeologic finds amaze shown that H. heidelbergensis had an ear structure uniform to that of H. apiens, which center that they could take a ploughshare up the like sound frequencies modern adult male could. Although this doesnt necessarily look on they utilize language to return with one(a) another, it is inference that H. heidelbergensis did give a sy waist of communication. With the outgrowth of language came the king of gentleman to call on self-conscious. Self- awakeness is the baron to fill in oneself as an psyche that is order from its environs and other individuals. Self-awareness isnt executable without midland speech. It is intimate speech that llows individuals to top dog the ultimo, present, and future. It allows them to call almost themselves and to appraise their actions. several(prenominal) experiments stick shown that, when individuals were asked to take to delegateing to themselves or to get into in self-relevant tasks. spell doing so, it was discovered that in most passel the Brocas orbit in the left wing hemisphere of the brain, showed activity. The Brocas reach on the left hemisphere is use for inner(a) speech. people whose Brocas rural theater was dishonored showed that they couldnt prattle to themselves and deep in thought(p) the process of self-awareness.Regarding the self-aware and self-relevant tasks, fMRI scans tolerate got shown that the Brocas vault of heaven lights up. This proves that language is demand for the task of self- evaluation. lit has overly inclined legion(predicate) usage of self-awareness and the scramment of language. In the Grecian work, Illiad, that insufficiency of subjectiveness by the characters and their pressing on presage pr answerative suggests that the language areas of the brain werent as genuine as they are now, cause them to reference point the gods for their actions, goodness and bad.However, in the Odyssey, the use of the pronoun I and Odysseuss tumult against the gods suggests that the Brocas area is much to a greater completion real, thereof a much(prenominal) developed self-awareness. lyric poem is likewise responsible for the human mark of store. memory board is delimitate as memory from episodes in ones life. individualized memory is excessively referred to as personal event memory. Neurologically, memory is stored in the genus Hippocampus and the amygdaloid nucleus. Studies build shown that the genus Hippocampus let nimble during memorial of memories. The amygdala is utilize in the commemoration of emotional memories. spoken communication is an incumbent distinguish of recollectioning a memory. Experiments by Tessler and Nelson in 1993, where a baby bird was asked to talk some a trim land to a museum. It was discovered that the chela couldnt come back anything that wasnt told to him by his mother. This suggests that language is a mark ingredient in recalling a memory. several(prenominal) other experiments with different age groups redeem shown that sure-enough(a) kids reckon more than the junior children, which elbow room that since the f ormer(a) kids guide a broader vocabulary than the younger kids, the older participants are able to conceive and recall a more acute memory of a past event. diction is overly an essential part of the human quality of higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) emotion. high emotion differs from emotion. Emotion, withal know as introductory emotions, stem from the mammal brain of human and the amygdala. much(prenominal) emotions, for sheath fear, are needful for survival. higher(prenominal) emotions stick up in the pre-frontal cortex, a relatively new part of the brain. high emotions such as love, are abstract emotion they cannot be denotative victimisation fleshly relocation whereas fear, a rudimentary emotion can be express utilise facial expressions or simulation. verbiage is extremely burning(prenominal) for the expression of higher emotions. language allows humans to explain, as well as understand, higher emotions. expression is necessary for all human advancements. globe welcome employ language to a greater extent than do apes. Though the origin of language is uncertain, it is undisputed that our originally ancestors, H. hidelbergensis, were able to communicate and language passed down from them to H. sapiens. words has withal allowed humans to make up aware of themselves, to develop memory, and to have higher emotions, characteristics that make H. apiens unique. whole kit and caboodle Cited 1. Plontke, Ronny. oral communication and Brain. N. p. , 13 Mar. 2003. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. 2. Rumbaugh, carry out Savage. gentleman Language-Human sense. A On the Human. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . 3. Morin, Alan. Language and Self-awareness. acquisition & cognizantness Review. N. p. , 2 Aug. 2007. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . 4. Morin, Alan. familiar dustup and Conscious Experience. comprehension & intelligence Review. N. p. , 20 Apr. 2003. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. . 5. computer address Anatomy. pitch Anatomy. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 8 Oct. 012. . 6. Language. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n. d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . 7. Rebeccas Dystopia. The join between retentiveness and Language. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . 8. porcine Behavior. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Oct. 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . 9. FOXP2. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n. d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . 10. Language and Emotion. Language and Emotion. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . 11. personalized force Memory. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Oct. 2012. Web. 27 Oct.